{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3037779634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122050","title":"Real-Time Estimation of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Clock Based on Ground Tracking Stations","display_name":"Real-Time Estimation of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Clock Based on Ground Tracking Stations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3037779634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122050","mag":"3037779634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12122050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/2050/pdf?version=1593328384","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/2050/pdf?version=1593328384","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027297972","display_name":"Zhixin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4302-6094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4302-6094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100658253","display_name":"Hui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8051-2932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023481650","display_name":"Chuang Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-1984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuang Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-1984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102833544","display_name":"Bao Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-8861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bao Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100697216","display_name":"Lin\u2010Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-8313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linjie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021388518","display_name":"Xintong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xintong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100691747","display_name":"Yi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9419-7032"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang GeeSpace Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang GeeSpace Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045616921","display_name":"Yidong Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2675-5677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yidong Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045616921"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":24.4354,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98957717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"2050","last_page":"2050"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.7726429104804993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6880084276199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.6713767051696777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilution-of-precision","display_name":"Dilution of precision","score":0.6072190403938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.5936042070388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5780283808708191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.49970221519470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.4968777000904083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.45144978165626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4433175027370453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.32959526777267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20559540390968323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17236793041229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08217006921768188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.07423415780067444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.7726429104804993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6880084276199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.6713767051696777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200499919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616896","display_name":"Dilution of precision","level":4,"score":0.6072190403938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.5936042070388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5780283808708191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.49970221519470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.4968777000904083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.45144978165626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4433175027370453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.32959526777267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20559540390968323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17236793041229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08217006921768188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.07423415780067444}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12122050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/2050/pdf?version=1593328384","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a7c1473b6fd1483bb7f2ad11c6e2a60b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a7c1473b6fd1483bb7f2ad11c6e2a60b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 12, p 2050 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/12/2050/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12122050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 12; Pages: 2050","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12122050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12122050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/2050/pdf?version=1593328384","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G928981393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0800405","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037779634.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3037779634.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12466108","https://openalex.org/W1535176033","https://openalex.org/W1971760893","https://openalex.org/W2011018771","https://openalex.org/W2060803307","https://openalex.org/W2086892817","https://openalex.org/W2094280389","https://openalex.org/W2119397684","https://openalex.org/W2134691634","https://openalex.org/W2186664960","https://openalex.org/W2236246830","https://openalex.org/W2603176399","https://openalex.org/W2786309865","https://openalex.org/W2809006737","https://openalex.org/W2885609546","https://openalex.org/W2892301584","https://openalex.org/W2908269815","https://openalex.org/W2911498096","https://openalex.org/W2917144230","https://openalex.org/W2991400931","https://openalex.org/W4238090681","https://openalex.org/W6632175673","https://openalex.org/W6734771356","https://openalex.org/W6771381421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W4315630092","https://openalex.org/W4205928393","https://openalex.org/W4392115504","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2979651660","https://openalex.org/W4396749081","https://openalex.org/W2989598288","https://openalex.org/W2028990501","https://openalex.org/W2065350823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,89,120,140,172,208,226,336],"rapid":[1,17,93,261],"movement":[2],"of":[3,19,95,107,123,263,274,288],"low":[4],"Earth":[5],"orbit":[6],"(LEO)":[7],"satellite":[8,45,55,76,98,104,112,158,166,193,206,211,216,228,248,266,277,291,314,341],"can":[9,316],"improve":[10],"geometric":[11,272],"diversity,":[12],"which":[13],"contributes":[14],"to":[15,115,135,279],"the":[16,30,43,48,74,86,92,96,103,137,145,153,161,164,191,196,204,214,223,242,260,264,270,275,285,289,293,310,329],"convergence":[18,94,147,184,262,286,294],"Global":[20,154],"Navigation":[21,304],"Satellite":[22,305],"System":[23,156,306],"(GNSS)":[24],"precise":[25],"point":[26],"positioning":[27,297],"(PPP).":[28],"However,":[29,241],"LEO":[31,44,49,54,75,97,121,165,192,215,232,252,265,276,290,313,340],"onboard":[32,50],"receiver":[33,51],"clock":[34,46,52,56,77,99,167,267,315],"cannot":[35],"be":[36],"used":[37],"directly":[38],"by":[39,247,339],"PPP":[40,308,344],"users":[41],"as":[42],"because":[47],"and":[53,63,126,178,187,200,233,238,253,284,296,302,325,332,349],"absorb":[57],"different":[58],"code":[59],"delays":[60],"when":[61],"receiving":[62],"transmitting":[64],"signals.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"study,":[68],"a":[69],"real-time":[70,311],"estimation":[71],"approach":[72],"for":[73,85,91,128,152,163,190,203,213,222,230,250,299,342],"based":[78],"on":[79],"ground":[80,117,130,280],"tracking":[81,118,131],"stations":[82,132],"was":[83,100,149,168,217],"proposed":[84,138],"first":[87],"time.":[88],"feasibility":[90],"analyzed":[101],"using":[102],"time":[105,148,287,295],"dilution":[106],"precision":[108],"(TDOP)":[109],"that":[110,144,221],"one":[111],"is":[113],"relative":[114,278],"multiple":[116],"stations.":[119,281],"constellation":[122],"168":[124],"satellites":[125,235,255],"observations":[127],"15":[129],"were":[133,185,198,236,256,345],"simulated":[134],"verify":[136],"method.":[139],"experiment":[141],"results":[142],"showed":[143],"average":[146,173,209,227,243],"31.21":[150],"min":[151],"Positioning":[155],"(GPS)":[157],"clock,":[159,194,292],"whereas":[160,195],"value":[162],"only":[169],"2.86":[170],"min.":[171],"root":[174],"mean":[175],"square":[176],"(RMS)":[177],"standard":[179],"deviation":[180],"(STD)":[181],"values":[182,197],"after":[183],"0.71":[186],"0.39":[188],"ns":[189,202],"0.31":[199],"0.13":[201],"GPS":[205,224,234,254,301],"clock.":[207],"weekly":[210],"TDOP":[212],"much":[218],"smaller":[219],"than":[220],"satellite.":[225],"TDOPs":[229,245],"all":[231,251],"19.13":[237],"1294.70,":[239],"respectively.":[240,335,351],"delta":[244],"caused":[246,338],"motion":[249],"both":[257],"0.10.":[258],"Therefore,":[259],"resulted":[268],"from":[269],"better":[271],"distribution":[273],"Despite":[282],"errors":[283],"accuracy":[298],"LEO-augmented":[300],"BeiDou":[303],"(BDS)":[307],"with":[309],"estimated":[312],"still":[317],"reach":[318],"10.63":[319],"min,":[320],"1.94":[321],"cm,":[322,324],"1.44":[323],"4.18":[326],"cm":[327],"in":[328],"east,":[330],"north,":[331],"up":[333],"components,":[334],"improvements":[337],"GPS/BDS":[343],"59%,":[346],"30%,":[347],"31%,":[348],"33%,":[350]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2020-07-02T00:00:00"}