{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035299639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121907","title":"Spatial Patterns of Structural Complexity in Differently Managed and Unmanaged Beech-Dominated Forests in Central Europe","display_name":"Spatial Patterns of Structural Complexity in Differently Managed and Unmanaged Beech-Dominated Forests in Central Europe","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035299639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121907","mag":"3035299639"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12121907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121907","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1907/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1907/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012318622","display_name":"Katharina Willim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0129-3381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Katharina Willim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forest Sciences, Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0129-3381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forest Sciences, Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051302927","display_name":"Melissa Stiers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melissa Stiers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forest Sciences, Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forest Sciences, Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028658294","display_name":"Peter Annigh\u00f6fer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8126-5307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Annigh\u00f6fer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forest and Agroforest Systems, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forest and Agroforest Systems, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067036551","display_name":"Martin Ehbrecht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1543-3023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Ehbrecht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forest Sciences, Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forest Sciences, Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075081508","display_name":"Christian Ammer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-0135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Ammer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forest Sciences, Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-0135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forest Sciences, Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023193869","display_name":"Dominik Seidel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-9424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Seidel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forest Sciences, Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4131-9424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forest Sciences, Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012318622"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.2143,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86765939,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"1907","last_page":"1907"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beech","display_name":"Beech","score":0.8057335615158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-complexity","display_name":"Structural complexity","score":0.7174880504608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/understory","display_name":"Understory","score":0.658089280128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fagus-sylvatica","display_name":"Fagus sylvatica","score":0.6522273421287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/old-growth-forest","display_name":"Old-growth forest","score":0.5810654163360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"Forest management","score":0.5092055201530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-structure","display_name":"Forest structure","score":0.5070581436157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4751203656196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-ecology","display_name":"Forest ecology","score":0.4689362049102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.46255815029144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silviculture","display_name":"Silviculture","score":0.42701074481010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.3908163607120514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agroforestry","display_name":"Agroforestry","score":0.3597796559333801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.3267011344432831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.27689534425735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.20425492525100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.17752119898796082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.0830448567867279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776500793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25403","display_name":"Beech","level":2,"score":0.8057335615158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509619924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17130757","display_name":"Structural complexity","level":2,"score":0.7174880504608154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139669111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422666","display_name":"Understory","level":3,"score":0.658089280128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780144066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146149","display_name":"Fagus sylvatica","level":3,"score":0.6522273421287537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121560416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208478","display_name":"Old-growth forest","level":2,"score":0.5810654163360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.5092055201530457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983469836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4421","display_name":"Forest structure","level":3,"score":0.5070581436157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4751203656196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73935091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2249329","display_name":"Forest ecology","level":3,"score":0.4689362049102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.46255815029144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775966360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720362","display_name":"Silviculture","level":2,"score":0.42701074481010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.3908163607120514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.3597796559333801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3267011344432831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.27689534425735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.20425492525100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.17752119898796082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0830448567867279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12121907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121907","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1907/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:742c91f398ae4feea2e480c14886ccb0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/742c91f398ae4feea2e480c14886ccb0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 12, p 1907 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/12/1907/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12121907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 12; Pages: 1907","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1554284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1554284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400453","display_name":"mediaTUM \u2013 the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/81497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/81497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal_article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12121907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121907","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/12/1907/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1526557269","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant SE2383/5-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8487402579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant numbers Am 149/16-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035299639.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3035299639.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118643037","https://openalex.org/W126939612","https://openalex.org/W1983988409","https://openalex.org/W1989561113","https://openalex.org/W1996656563","https://openalex.org/W1997687963","https://openalex.org/W2002821381","https://openalex.org/W2013075104","https://openalex.org/W2019255603","https://openalex.org/W2040943149","https://openalex.org/W2049219415","https://openalex.org/W2049763161","https://openalex.org/W2055827472","https://openalex.org/W2057728542","https://openalex.org/W2067321352","https://openalex.org/W2068177234","https://openalex.org/W2080847318","https://openalex.org/W2082493180","https://openalex.org/W2092470979","https://openalex.org/W2094044052","https://openalex.org/W2096603181","https://openalex.org/W2113283046","https://openalex.org/W2127170577","https://openalex.org/W2131578332","https://openalex.org/W2134221848","https://openalex.org/W2136376650","https://openalex.org/W2141905693","https://openalex.org/W2146768314","https://openalex.org/W2147742121","https://openalex.org/W2149061148","https://openalex.org/W2149590789","https://openalex.org/W2151203248","https://openalex.org/W2152121229","https://openalex.org/W2160177241","https://openalex.org/W2161522250","https://openalex.org/W2162527214","https://openalex.org/W2178469046","https://openalex.org/W2181488890","https://openalex.org/W2298185146","https://openalex.org/W2322658902","https://openalex.org/W2323041000","https://openalex.org/W2344446937","https://openalex.org/W2509865326","https://openalex.org/W2520690990","https://openalex.org/W2524295009","https://openalex.org/W2607857269","https://openalex.org/W2608320217","https://openalex.org/W2622605761","https://openalex.org/W2750672344","https://openalex.org/W2759595391","https://openalex.org/W2769931815","https://openalex.org/W2792384647","https://openalex.org/W2803195639","https://openalex.org/W2872402664","https://openalex.org/W2888423267","https://openalex.org/W2896016035","https://openalex.org/W2937806878","https://openalex.org/W2952376534","https://openalex.org/W2966718475","https://openalex.org/W2967027639","https://openalex.org/W2968031588","https://openalex.org/W2979970650","https://openalex.org/W2987876984","https://openalex.org/W4300495269","https://openalex.org/W6686128453","https://openalex.org/W6725683898","https://openalex.org/W6743770002","https://openalex.org/W6746271159","https://openalex.org/W6768906791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2160177241","https://openalex.org/W2026902332","https://openalex.org/W2622911406","https://openalex.org/W2115376451","https://openalex.org/W2998565983","https://openalex.org/W3135842785","https://openalex.org/W2323041000","https://openalex.org/W2794250431","https://openalex.org/W4226417729","https://openalex.org/W3035299639"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,5,14,22,29,48,73,76,122,149,184,197,215,217,253],"the":[2,11,33,39,45,115,117,120,128,139,144,164,169,174,203,206,228],"main":[3],"goals":[4],"modern":[6],"silviculture":[7],"is":[8,21,244],"to":[9,24,37,44,69,181,202,249],"emulate":[10],"structural":[12,30,74,129,161],"complexity":[13,31,47,75,130,162],"old-growth":[15,251],"forests.":[16,108,256],"In":[17,55],"this":[18,56],"context,":[19],"it":[20],"advantage":[23],"identify":[25,70],"a":[26,123,179,190,195,223,245],"target":[27],"state":[28],"at":[32],"stand":[34],"level":[35],"and":[36,79,94,106,119,146,171,230],"analyze":[38],"spatial":[40,71,213],"characteristics":[41],"that":[42,237],"led":[43],"desired":[46],"forest":[49,53,61,112,124,155,166,232],"structures":[50,252],"in":[51,91,100,160,227],"primary":[52,107,176,204],"references.":[54],"study,":[57],"we":[58,126,137,157],"used":[59],"3D":[60],"scenes":[62],"captured":[63],"by":[64,84],"terrestrial":[65],"laser":[66],"scanning":[67],"(TLS)":[68],"patterns":[72,214],"differently":[77],"managed":[78,92,102,207],"unmanaged":[80],"European":[81],"forests":[82,103,177],"dominated":[83],"beech":[85],"(Fagus":[86],"sylvatica":[87],"L.).":[88],"We":[89],"scanned":[90],"even-aged":[93],"uneven-aged":[95,208],"stands,":[96],"as":[97,99,141,143,187,189,194],"well":[98,142,188],"formerly":[101],"(National":[104],"Parks)":[105],"For":[109,152],"three":[110,154],"different":[111,165],"strata,":[113,156,173],"representing":[114],"understory,":[116],"midstory,":[118],"overstory":[121],"stand,":[125],"determined":[127],"mathematically":[131],"using":[132],"fractal":[133],"analysis.":[134],"Beyond":[135],"that,":[136],"analyzed":[138],"density,":[140],"horizontal":[145],"vertical":[147],"distribution":[148,183,216],"plant":[150,185,218],"material.":[151],"all":[153],"observed":[158],"differences":[159],"between":[163],"types.":[167],"Within":[168],"lower":[170,229],"middle":[172,231],"investigated":[175],"showed":[178,210],"random":[180],"regular":[182],"material,":[186,219],"complex":[191],"understory":[192],"structure":[193],"result":[196],"pronounced":[198],"natural":[199],"decay.":[200],"Compared":[201],"forests,":[205],"stands":[209],"quite":[211],"similar":[212],"but":[220],"on":[221],"average":[222],"higher":[224],"space":[225],"occupation":[226],"stratum.":[233],"Our":[234],"results":[235],"suggest":[236],"single":[238],"tree":[239],"or":[240],"group":[241],"selection":[242],"cutting":[243],"useful":[246],"management":[247],"tool":[248],"imitate":[250],"undisturbed":[254],"beech-dominated":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}