{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3027409855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101676","title":"Unseen Land Cover Classification from High-Resolution Orthophotos Using Integration of Zero-Shot Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Unseen Land Cover Classification from High-Resolution Orthophotos Using Integration of Zero-Shot Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3027409855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101676","mag":"3027409855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12101676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101676","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/10/1676/pdf?version=1590237331","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/10/1676/pdf?version=1590237331","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059040421","display_name":"Biswajeet Pradhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9863-2054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["AU","KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Biswajeet Pradhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, Choongmu-gwan, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05006, Korea","The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney,  NSW 2007, Australia","The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9863-2054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, Choongmu-gwan, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05006, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney,  NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012816509","display_name":"Husam A. H. Al-Najjar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9493-5517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Husam A. H. Al-Najjar","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney,  NSW 2007, Australia","The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney,  NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055762132","display_name":"Maher Ibrahim Sameen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0490-7796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maher Ibrahim Sameen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney,  NSW 2007, Australia","The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney,  NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021751767","display_name":"Ivor W. Tsang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8095-4637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivor Tsang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8095-4637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029739578","display_name":"Abdullah Alamri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3045-1350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah M. Alamri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology & Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud Univ., P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology & Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud Univ., P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059040421"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466","https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":9.6431,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98130406,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"10","first_page":"1676","last_page":"1676"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9061999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7824102640151978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6727072596549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6604733467102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6008790135383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.5254577398300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.47332534193992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4539697766304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.4391069710254669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4240672290325165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7824102640151978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6727072596549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6604733467102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6008790135383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.5254577398300171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.47332534193992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4539697766304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.4391069710254669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4240672290325165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12101676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101676","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/10/1676/pdf?version=1590237331","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:225ae7d0ffda4ebebf6171122bc2b601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/225ae7d0ffda4ebebf6171122bc2b601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 10, p 1676 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/10/1676/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 10; Pages: 1676","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/145820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/145820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12101676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101676","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/10/1676/pdf?version=1590237331","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320967","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3027409855.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3027409855.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W141352744","https://openalex.org/W1578712794","https://openalex.org/W1883420340","https://openalex.org/W1970473112","https://openalex.org/W1999818274","https://openalex.org/W2027016402","https://openalex.org/W2054412564","https://openalex.org/W2065804589","https://openalex.org/W2092606759","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2128532956","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2165979967","https://openalex.org/W2235433383","https://openalex.org/W2284878881","https://openalex.org/W2334493732","https://openalex.org/W2463762378","https://openalex.org/W2508457857","https://openalex.org/W2597952281","https://openalex.org/W2607508964","https://openalex.org/W2742706476","https://openalex.org/W2759880437","https://openalex.org/W2767184555","https://openalex.org/W2783707612","https://openalex.org/W2807663196","https://openalex.org/W2811197153","https://openalex.org/W2883673548","https://openalex.org/W2888465587","https://openalex.org/W2910186501","https://openalex.org/W2910453440","https://openalex.org/W2911814348","https://openalex.org/W2914125070","https://openalex.org/W2915585235","https://openalex.org/W2916395302","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2919510902","https://openalex.org/W2922208245","https://openalex.org/W2950123062","https://openalex.org/W2962874036","https://openalex.org/W2963325024","https://openalex.org/W2963499153","https://openalex.org/W2964086552","https://openalex.org/W2965782875","https://openalex.org/W2981664222","https://openalex.org/W2982857584","https://openalex.org/W3003266520","https://openalex.org/W3020094642","https://openalex.org/W3101126838","https://openalex.org/W3105730638","https://openalex.org/W3106141888","https://openalex.org/W6757603891","https://openalex.org/W6760289379"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W2761785940","https://openalex.org/W2110523656","https://openalex.org/W1482209366","https://openalex.org/W2521627374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Zero-shot":[0],"learning":[1],"(ZSL)":[2],"is":[3,25,325],"an":[4,276],"approach":[5],"to":[6,16,91,112],"classify":[7],"objects":[8],"unseen":[9],"during":[10,136,142],"the":[11,46,54,77,96,105,126,130,140,157,178,185,190,199,207,243,254,266,295,314,322],"training":[12,30,137,244],"phase":[13],"and":[14,66,133,138,146,165,181,193,198,227,246,258,283,291,299,310],"shown":[15],"be":[17],"useful":[18],"for":[19,69,221,232,242,253,265,273,294,313,329],"real-world":[20],"applications,":[21],"especially":[22,44],"when":[23],"there":[24],"a":[26,33,57,63,83,87,114,205,326],"lack":[27],"of":[28,36,48,56,196,201,278],"sufficient":[29],"data.":[31],"Only":[32],"limited":[34],"amount":[35],"works":[37],"has":[38],"been":[39,175],"carried":[40],"out":[41],"on":[42,150,177,334],"ZSL,":[43],"in":[45,156,170],"field":[47],"remote":[49],"sensing.":[50],"This":[51],"research":[52],"investigates":[53],"use":[55],"convolutional":[58,89],"neural":[59],"network":[60],"(CNN)":[61],"as":[62,189,217],"feature":[64,78,179,233],"extraction":[65,79,180,234],"classification":[67,182,274],"method":[68],"land":[70,330],"cover":[71,331],"mapping":[72,332],"using":[73,124,212],"high-resolution":[74,335],"orthophotos.":[75],"In":[76,95],"phase,":[80,98],"we":[81,99],"used":[82,100],"CNN":[84,116,132],"model":[85,107,117,231,272],"with":[86],"single":[88],"layer":[90],"extract":[92],"discriminative":[93],"features.":[94],"second":[97,115,267,315],"class":[101,120,134],"attributes":[102,135],"learned":[103],"from":[104],"Word2Vec":[106],"(pre-trained":[108],"by":[109,123,129],"Google":[110],"News)":[111],"train":[113],"that":[118,321],"performed":[119],"signature":[121],"prediction":[122],"both":[125],"features":[127,141],"extracted":[128],"first":[131,162,255,296],"only":[139],"prediction.":[143],"We":[144],"trained":[145],"tested":[147],"our":[148],"models":[149,183,209],"datasets":[151],"collected":[152],"over":[153],"two":[154],"subareas":[155],"Cameron":[158],"Highlands":[159],"(training":[160],"dataset,":[161,257],"test":[163,168,256,268,297,316],"dataset)":[164,169],"Ipoh":[166],"(second":[167],"Malaysia.":[171],"Several":[172],"experiments":[173],"have":[174],"conducted":[176],"regarding":[184],"main":[186],"parameters,":[187],"such":[188,216],"network\u2019s":[191],"layers":[192],"depth,":[194],"number":[195],"filters,":[197],"impact":[200],"Gaussian":[202],"noise.":[203],"As":[204],"result,":[206],"best":[208,230,271],"were":[210],"selected":[211],"various":[213],"accuracy":[214,220],"metrics":[215],"top-k":[218],"categorical":[219],"k":[222],"=":[223],"[1,2,3],":[224],"Recall,":[225],"Precision,":[226],"F1-score.":[228],"The":[229,270,318],"achieved":[235,275],"0.953":[236],"F1-score,":[237,248,260,288,307],"0.941":[238],"precision,":[239,250,262],"0.882":[240],"recall":[241,252,264,290,309],"dataset":[245,298],"0.904":[247],"0.869":[249],"0.949":[251],"0.898":[259],"0.870":[261],"0.838":[263,292],"dataset.":[269,317],"average":[277],"0.778":[279],"top-one,":[280,301],"0.890":[281],"top-two":[282],"0.942":[284],"top-three":[285],"accuracy,":[286],"0.798":[287],"0.766":[289],"precision":[293,312],"0.737":[300],"0.906":[302],"top-two,":[303],"0.924":[304],"top-three,":[305],"0.729":[306],"0.676":[308],"0.790":[311],"results":[319],"demonstrated":[320],"proposed":[323],"ZSL":[324],"promising":[327],"tool":[328],"based":[333],"photos.":[336]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2020-05-29T00:00:00"}