{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024593542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091521","title":"Sea Fog Detection Based on Normalized Difference Snow Index Using Advanced Himawari Imager Observations","display_name":"Sea Fog Detection Based on Normalized Difference Snow Index Using Advanced Himawari Imager Observations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024593542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091521","mag":"3024593542"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12091521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091521","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1521/pdf?version=1589377980","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1521/pdf?version=1589377980","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103227480","display_name":"Han-Sol Ryu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0813-3331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han-Sol Ryu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinfomatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinfomatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064465804","display_name":"Sungwook Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5518-9478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sungwook Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinfomatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinfomatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064465804"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.4015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81912491,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"1521","last_page":"1521"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geostationary-orbit","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","score":0.7554572820663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daytime","display_name":"Daytime","score":0.7398244142532349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7325173020362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7138963937759399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longwave","display_name":"Longwave","score":0.5767275094985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.563811182975769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5232100486755371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5066812634468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/twilight","display_name":"Twilight","score":0.4549923837184906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shortwave","display_name":"Shortwave","score":0.419791042804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.23079800605773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15323001146316528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12344583868980408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.10547935962677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08538198471069336}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16405173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192316","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","level":3,"score":0.7554572820663452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162725370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52643","display_name":"Daytime","level":2,"score":0.7398244142532349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7325173020362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7138963937759399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779155178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082861","display_name":"Longwave","level":3,"score":0.5767275094985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.563811182975769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5232100486755371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5066812634468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777298776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164160","display_name":"Twilight","level":2,"score":0.4549923837184906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776272892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7502249","display_name":"Shortwave","level":3,"score":0.419791042804718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.23079800605773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15323001146316528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12344583868980408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.10547935962677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08538198471069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12091521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091521","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1521/pdf?version=1589377980","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b44ec44c672042cfb02e548999cbdc8d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b44ec44c672042cfb02e548999cbdc8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 1521 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/9/1521/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 9; Pages: 1521","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12091521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091521","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1521/pdf?version=1589377980","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024593542.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3024593542.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969836895","https://openalex.org/W1978835586","https://openalex.org/W1981392743","https://openalex.org/W1987882549","https://openalex.org/W1998065072","https://openalex.org/W2013689051","https://openalex.org/W2025629365","https://openalex.org/W2030851497","https://openalex.org/W2032996108","https://openalex.org/W2037256128","https://openalex.org/W2042425256","https://openalex.org/W2043689718","https://openalex.org/W2049127695","https://openalex.org/W2062788515","https://openalex.org/W2072398268","https://openalex.org/W2072772743","https://openalex.org/W2083585005","https://openalex.org/W2093215882","https://openalex.org/W2101104463","https://openalex.org/W2102730719","https://openalex.org/W2105529630","https://openalex.org/W2132247004","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2162138822","https://openalex.org/W2345254164","https://openalex.org/W2579955828","https://openalex.org/W2606340910","https://openalex.org/W2741265397","https://openalex.org/W2801271852","https://openalex.org/W2889664744","https://openalex.org/W2901862867","https://openalex.org/W2963979049","https://openalex.org/W2982168614","https://openalex.org/W2997394725","https://openalex.org/W4230720443","https://openalex.org/W6645226372","https://openalex.org/W6675619493","https://openalex.org/W6756229797","https://openalex.org/W6769264868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2771809610","https://openalex.org/W2042152048","https://openalex.org/W4320717050","https://openalex.org/W4307981045","https://openalex.org/W2952735550","https://openalex.org/W1653518408","https://openalex.org/W2895777173","https://openalex.org/W2607017323","https://openalex.org/W4299832832","https://openalex.org/W3206179689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"previous":[1],"studies":[2],"have":[3,28,55,134],"attempted":[4],"to":[5,19],"distinguish":[6],"fog":[7,27,69,95,148,161,213],"from":[8,16],"clouds":[9,25],"using":[10,70,97],"low-orbit":[11],"and":[12,26,47,53,73,107,122,172,179,201,229],"geostationary":[13,41],"satellite":[14],"observations":[15],"visible":[17],"(VIS)":[18],"longwave":[20],"infrared":[21,167],"(LWIR)":[22],"bands.":[23,231],"However,":[24],"often":[29],"been":[30,135],"misidentified":[31],"because":[32],"of":[33,78,84,100,113,139,146,182,191],"their":[34],"similar":[35],"spectral":[36],"features.":[37],"Recently,":[38],"advanced":[39],"meteorological":[40],"satellites":[42,225],"with":[43,158,227],"improved":[44,63],"spectral,":[45],"spatial,":[46],"temporal":[48],"resolutions,":[49],"including":[50,119],"Himawari-8/9,":[51],"GOES-16/17,":[52],"GeoKompsat-2A,":[54],"become":[56],"operational.":[57],"Accordingly,":[58],"this":[59],"study":[60],"presents":[61],"an":[62],"algorithm":[64,141],"for":[65,93,130,189,210,223],"detecting":[66],"daytime":[67,211],"sea":[68,94,147,160,212],"one":[71,74],"VIS":[72,228],"near-infrared":[75],"(NIR)":[76],"band":[77,112,169],"the":[79,85,101,110,114,127,159,165,173,183,207],"Advanced":[80],"Himawari":[81],"Imager":[82],"(AHI)":[83],"Himawari-8":[86],"satellite.":[87],"We":[88],"propose":[89],"a":[90,98,143],"regression-based":[91],"relationship":[92],"detection":[96,145,162,192,214],"combination":[99],"Normalized":[102],"Difference":[103],"Snow":[104],"Index":[105],"(NDSI)":[106],"reflectance":[108],"at":[109],"green":[111],"AHI.":[115],"Several":[116],"case":[117],"studies,":[118],"various":[120],"foggy":[121],"cloudy":[123],"weather":[124],"conditions":[125],"in":[126,218],"Yellow":[128],"Sea":[129],"three":[131],"years":[132],"(2017\u20132019),":[133],"performed.":[136],"The":[137,154],"results":[138,157],"our":[140],"showed":[142,185],"successful":[144],"without":[149],"any":[150],"cloud":[151],"mask":[152],"information.":[153],"pixel-level":[155],"comparison":[156],"based":[163],"on":[164],"shortwave":[166],"(SWIR)":[168],"(3.9":[170],"\u03bcm)":[171],"brightness":[174],"temperature":[175],"difference":[176],"between":[177],"SWIR":[178],"LWIR":[180],"bands":[181],"AHI":[184],"high":[186],"statistical":[187],"scores":[188],"probability":[190],"(POD),":[193],"post":[194],"agreement":[195],"(PAG),":[196],"critical":[197],"success":[198],"index":[199],"(CSI),":[200],"Heidke":[202],"skill":[203],"score":[204],"(HSS).":[205],"Consequently,":[206],"proposed":[208],"algorithms":[209],"can":[215],"be":[216],"effective":[217],"daytime,":[219],"particularly":[220],"twilight,":[221],"conditions,":[222],"many":[224],"equipped":[226],"NIR":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2020-05-21T00:00:00"}
