{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3022155827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091430","title":"The Impact of Canopy Reflectance on the 3D Structure of Individual Trees in a Mediterranean Forest","display_name":"The Impact of Canopy Reflectance on the 3D Structure of Individual Trees in a Mediterranean Forest","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3022155827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091430","mag":"3022155827"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12091430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1430/pdf?version=1589259262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1430/pdf?version=1589259262","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076324714","display_name":"Juan M. Jurado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8009-9033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191420491","display_name":"Universidad de Ja\u00e9n","ror":"https://ror.org/0122p5f64","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Jurado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Graphics and Geomatics Group of Ja\u00e9n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8009-9033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Graphics and Geomatics Group of Ja\u00e9n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025136272","display_name":"M. Isabel Ramos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-4166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191420491","display_name":"Universidad de Ja\u00e9n","ror":"https://ror.org/0122p5f64","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ramos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-4166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073494023","display_name":"Carlos Enr\u00edquez Turi\u00f1o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0070-0133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191420491","display_name":"Universidad de Ja\u00e9n","ror":"https://ror.org/0122p5f64","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Enr\u00edquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0070-0133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025098926","display_name":"Francisco R. Feito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8230-6529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191420491","display_name":"Universidad de Ja\u00e9n","ror":"https://ror.org/0122p5f64","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Feito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Graphics and Geomatics Group of Ja\u00e9n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8230-6529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Graphics and Geomatics Group of Ja\u00e9n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076324714"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191420491"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.973,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6980198,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"1430","last_page":"1430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7530027627944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6845295429229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.5721021294593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.5572980642318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structure-from-motion","display_name":"Structure from motion","score":0.5483869910240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5294092893600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.47401079535484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crown","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","score":0.44780221581459045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.43867552280426025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-canopy","display_name":"Tree canopy","score":0.43578287959098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4182506203651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.27345728874206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19250303506851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1848604679107666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7530027627944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6845295429229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.5721021294593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.5572980642318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146159030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625099","display_name":"Structure from motion","level":3,"score":0.5483869910240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5294092893600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.47401079535484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778400979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143720","display_name":"Crown (dentistry)","level":2,"score":0.44780221581459045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.43867552280426025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.43578287959098816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4182506203651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.27345728874206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19250303506851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1848604679107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10161872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557891","display_name":"Motion estimation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12091430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1430/pdf?version=1589259262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:91bb8e2cd7c34fc5bd23dee63d15016a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/91bb8e2cd7c34fc5bd23dee63d15016a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 1430 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/9/1430/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 9; Pages: 1430","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12091430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1430/pdf?version=1589259262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6009308656","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN2017-84968-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7525762776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TIN 2017-84968-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3022155827.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3022155827.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968601348","https://openalex.org/W1973228073","https://openalex.org/W1998967277","https://openalex.org/W2040827641","https://openalex.org/W2040895929","https://openalex.org/W2041642242","https://openalex.org/W2045629815","https://openalex.org/W2071256852","https://openalex.org/W2078290150","https://openalex.org/W2086118991","https://openalex.org/W2133125644","https://openalex.org/W2152864241","https://openalex.org/W2153226019","https://openalex.org/W2161160262","https://openalex.org/W2193261635","https://openalex.org/W2462299864","https://openalex.org/W2466959383","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2502394744","https://openalex.org/W2547322165","https://openalex.org/W2556502614","https://openalex.org/W2610360588","https://openalex.org/W2611090267","https://openalex.org/W2627093455","https://openalex.org/W2765366036","https://openalex.org/W2767216801","https://openalex.org/W2801837235","https://openalex.org/W2808997086","https://openalex.org/W2871665063","https://openalex.org/W2896016035","https://openalex.org/W2906116753","https://openalex.org/W2908563588","https://openalex.org/W2922003760","https://openalex.org/W2936864403","https://openalex.org/W2954080612","https://openalex.org/W2957974561","https://openalex.org/W2967027639","https://openalex.org/W3013471216","https://openalex.org/W3014525787","https://openalex.org/W3111891091","https://openalex.org/W3124777458","https://openalex.org/W4214596219","https://openalex.org/W4236261977","https://openalex.org/W6650325002","https://openalex.org/W6682713293","https://openalex.org/W6719548293","https://openalex.org/W6739597462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922939509","https://openalex.org/W3130706162","https://openalex.org/W2811307883","https://openalex.org/W2281664702","https://openalex.org/W3089365509","https://openalex.org/W2946815544","https://openalex.org/W4213110649","https://openalex.org/W2115519510","https://openalex.org/W3033842460","https://openalex.org/W2012772900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,20,109,129,239],"characterization":[1],"of":[2,27,33,46,132,193,241,286,301,310],"3D":[3,52,120,290],"vegetation":[4],"structures":[5,121],"is":[6],"an":[7,89],"important":[8],"topic,":[9],"which":[10,64,249],"has":[11],"been":[12],"addressed":[13],"by":[14,139,246],"recent":[15],"research":[16],"in":[17,59,63,94,160,177,206,267],"remote":[18],"sensing.":[19],"forest":[21,208,302],"inventory":[22],"requires":[23],"the":[24,44,47,51,98,102,106,119,126,133,141,151,157,169,181,215,226,229,236,264,268,272,284,289,308],"proper":[25],"extraction":[26],"accurate":[28],"structural":[29,189,220],"and":[30,70,80,101,166,190,209,217,235,307],"functional":[31],"features":[32,192],"individual":[34,194],"trees.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"presents":[38],"a":[39,60,76,81,207,253,276,297],"novel":[40],"methodology":[41],"to":[42,96,117,179,203,213,282],"study":[43,142,283],"impact":[45,285,309],"canopy":[48],"reflectance":[49,104,266,287],"on":[50,88,188,288,314],"tree":[53,66,99,182,227,269,274,291],"structure.":[54,292],"A":[55,184,198],"heterogeneous":[56],"natural":[57],"environment":[58],"Mediterranean":[61],"forest,":[62],"various":[65],"species":[67],"(pine,":[68],"oak":[69],"eucalyptus)":[71],"coexist,":[72],"was":[73,115,137,154,175,196,201,244,279],"covered":[74],"using":[75,122,252],"high-resolution":[77,127],"digital":[78],"camera":[79],"multispectral":[82],"sensor.":[83],"These":[84],"devices":[85],"were":[86,222,250,261],"mounted":[87],"Unmanned":[90],"Aerial":[91],"Vehicle":[92],"(UAV)":[93],"order":[95,178],"observe":[97],"architecture":[100],"spectral":[103,191],"at":[105,231],"same":[107],"time.":[108],"Structure":[110],"from":[111,125],"Motion":[112],"(SfM)":[113],"method":[114],"applied":[116],"model":[118],"RGB":[123],"images":[124],"camera.":[128],"geometric":[130],"accuracy":[131],"resulting":[134],"point":[135,152],"cloud":[136,153],"validated":[138],"georeferencing":[140],"area":[143],"through":[144],"multiple":[145],"ground":[146],"control":[147],"points":[148],"(GCPs).":[149],"Then,":[150],"enriched":[155],"with":[156,263],"reflected":[158],"light":[159],"four":[161],"narrow-bands":[162],"(green,":[163],"near-infrared,":[164],"red":[165],"red-edge).":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"Normalized":[170],"Difference":[171],"Vegetation":[172],"Index":[173],"(NDVI)":[174],"calculated":[176],"measure":[180],"vigor.":[183],"comprehensive":[185],"analysis":[186,278],"based":[187],"trees":[195],"proposed.":[197],"spatial":[199],"segmentation":[200],"developed":[202],"detect":[204],"single-trees":[205,315],"for":[210],"each":[211],"one":[212],"identify":[214],"crown":[216,237],"trunk.":[218],"Consequently,":[219],"parameters":[221],"extracted,":[223],"such":[224],"as":[225],"height,":[228],"diameter":[230],"breast":[232],"height":[233],"(DBH)":[234],"volume.":[238],"validation":[240],"these":[242,259],"measurements":[243],"performed":[245],"field":[247],"data,":[248],"taken":[251],"Total":[254],"Station":[255],"(TS).":[256],"In":[257],"addition,":[258],"characteristics":[260],"correlated":[262],"mean":[265],"canopy.":[270],"Regarding":[271],"observed":[273],"species,":[275],"statistical":[277],"carried":[280],"out":[281],"By":[293],"applying":[294],"our":[295],"method,":[296],"more":[298],"detailed":[299],"knowledge":[300],"dynamics":[303],"can":[304,316],"be":[305,317],"gained":[306],"available":[311],"solar":[312],"irradiance":[313],"analyzed.":[318]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}