{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3023378460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091360","title":"Democratic Republic of the Congo Tropical Forest Canopy Height and Aboveground Biomass Estimation with Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Airborne LiDAR Data: The Effect of Seasonal Landsat Image Selection","display_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo Tropical Forest Canopy Height and Aboveground Biomass Estimation with Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Airborne LiDAR Data: The Effect of Seasonal Landsat Image Selection","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3023378460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091360","mag":"3023378460"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12091360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1360/pdf?version=1588925090","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1360/pdf?version=1588925090","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030909377","display_name":"Herve B. Kashongwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3377-8401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herve B. Kashongwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033254735","display_name":"David P. Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-0250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David P. Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1347-0250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Environment & Spatial Sciences Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008914905","display_name":"Jean Robert B. Bwangoy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34942010","display_name":"University of Kinshasa","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrz2q74","country_code":"CD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34942010"]}],"countries":["CD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Robert B. Bwangoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34942010"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033254735"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2324},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2324},"fwci":0.4188,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55222448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"1360","last_page":"1360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6539090275764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6516422033309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.626280665397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6252390146255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-season","display_name":"Dry season","score":0.5442034602165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-canopy","display_name":"Tree canopy","score":0.5420412421226501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropics","display_name":"Tropics","score":0.4502033591270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21607065200805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.0972873866558075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.07919636368751526}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6539090275764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6516422033309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.626280665397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6252390146255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9777977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146575","display_name":"Dry season","level":2,"score":0.5442034602165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.5420412421226501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50660011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42530","display_name":"Tropics","level":2,"score":0.4502033591270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21607065200805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0972873866558075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07919636368751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12091360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1360/pdf?version=1588925090","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3c7e51eb559c4e0283abc4a04b57d864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3c7e51eb559c4e0283abc4a04b57d864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 1360 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12091360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/9/1360/pdf?version=1588925090","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310016","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332431","display_name":"College of Engineering, Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023378460.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023378460.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67997975","https://openalex.org/W1411779959","https://openalex.org/W1907542696","https://openalex.org/W1966446776","https://openalex.org/W1972508359","https://openalex.org/W1977761893","https://openalex.org/W1983550278","https://openalex.org/W1995602130","https://openalex.org/W2008380199","https://openalex.org/W2031063649","https://openalex.org/W2046355448","https://openalex.org/W2055505446","https://openalex.org/W2056435747","https://openalex.org/W2063676353","https://openalex.org/W2081403294","https://openalex.org/W2083709207","https://openalex.org/W2085282193","https://openalex.org/W2096633052","https://openalex.org/W2098653311","https://openalex.org/W2099750076","https://openalex.org/W2100565143","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2113521108","https://openalex.org/W2124284178","https://openalex.org/W2125343954","https://openalex.org/W2132413105","https://openalex.org/W2133613984","https://openalex.org/W2138528351","https://openalex.org/W2139709933","https://openalex.org/W2143010534","https://openalex.org/W2147475079","https://openalex.org/W2153601600","https://openalex.org/W2154464101","https://openalex.org/W2155863249","https://openalex.org/W2160454972","https://openalex.org/W2161293062","https://openalex.org/W2164850486","https://openalex.org/W2197206385","https://openalex.org/W2273147317","https://openalex.org/W2288373547","https://openalex.org/W2344328155","https://openalex.org/W2466959383","https://openalex.org/W2469797794","https://openalex.org/W2514603923","https://openalex.org/W2619820913","https://openalex.org/W2766045420","https://openalex.org/W2776784043","https://openalex.org/W2788190553","https://openalex.org/W2789233071","https://openalex.org/W2790602384","https://openalex.org/W2793651289","https://openalex.org/W2794891691","https://openalex.org/W2795978424","https://openalex.org/W2796021728","https://openalex.org/W2805368917","https://openalex.org/W2890500853","https://openalex.org/W2907158154","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2918120629","https://openalex.org/W2925202909","https://openalex.org/W2989736827","https://openalex.org/W3003509779","https://openalex.org/W3005598353","https://openalex.org/W3009221443","https://openalex.org/W3122084549","https://openalex.org/W6745106690","https://openalex.org/W6754273215","https://openalex.org/W6770548742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045211767","https://openalex.org/W2056219210","https://openalex.org/W2383716249","https://openalex.org/W23916517","https://openalex.org/W4386506415","https://openalex.org/W2497950047","https://openalex.org/W1998329507","https://openalex.org/W2053112303","https://openalex.org/W3004500891","https://openalex.org/W3208027284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inventories":[0],"of":[1,47,59,73,98,112,202,248,261,290],"tropical":[2,105,300],"forest":[3,66,106,117,286,301],"aboveground":[4],"biomass":[5],"(AGB)":[6],"are":[7,25,166,214,229,235,294,307],"often":[8],"imprecise":[9],"and":[10,19,31,43,61,76,86,124,136,153,184,211,221,258,296,304],"sparse.":[11],"Increasingly,":[12],"airborne":[13,74],"Light":[14],"Detection":[15],"And":[16],"Ranging":[17],"(LiDAR)":[18],"satellite":[20,48],"optical":[21],"wavelength":[22],"sensor":[23],"data":[24],"used":[26,121,236],"to":[27,32,95,122,199,246,259,279],"map":[28],"tree":[29,254,302],"height":[30,85,131,152,210,255,303],"estimate":[33],"AGB.":[34],"In":[35,68],"the":[36,65,71,96,109,113,126,149,190,200,249,262,297],"tropics,":[37],"cloud":[38],"cover":[39],"is":[40,91,120,141,154,195,277],"particularly":[41],"prevalent":[42],"so":[44],"several":[45],"years":[46],"observations":[49],"must":[50],"be":[51],"considered.":[52],"This":[53],"may":[54],"reduce":[55],"mapping":[56,90,227,306],"accuracy":[57],"because":[58],"seasonal":[60],"inter-annual":[62],"changes":[63],"in":[64,108,282],"reflectance.":[67],"this":[69,291],"paper,":[70],"sensitivity":[72,198],"LiDAR":[75,133],"Landsat-8":[77,175,182,187,233],"Operational":[78],"Land":[79],"Imager":[80],"(OLI)":[81],"based":[82,160],"dominant":[83,129,150,208],"canopy":[84,130,151,209],"AGB":[87,140,163,212,267,276,305],"30":[88,127,161],"m":[89,128,162,220],"assessed":[92,155],"with":[93,148,158,237],"respect":[94],"season":[97,174,181,201],"Landsat":[99,203],"acquisition":[100],"for":[101,299],"a":[102,172,179],"~10,000":[103],"Km2":[104],"area":[107,192,252,265,274],"Democratic":[110],"Republic":[111],"Congo.":[114],"A":[115],"random":[116],"regression":[118],"estimator":[119],"predict":[123],"assess":[125],"using":[132,143,169],"derived":[134],"test":[135],"training":[137],"data.":[138],"The":[139,206,226,271,288],"mapped":[142,253,266,275],"an":[144],"allometric":[145],"model":[146],"parameterized":[147],"by":[156],"comparison":[157],"field":[159],"estimates.":[164],"Experiments":[165],"undertaken":[167],"independently":[168],"(i)":[170],"only":[171,178],"wet":[173],"image,":[176,183],"(ii)":[177],"dry":[180],"(iii)":[185],"both":[186,232],"images.":[188],"At":[189],"study":[191,251,264,273,293],"level":[193],"there":[194],"little":[196],"reported":[197,281],"image":[204],"used.":[205],"mean":[207,250,263,272],"values":[213,243],"similar":[215,278],"between":[216],"seasons,":[217],"within":[218],"0.19":[219],"5":[222],"Mg":[223,269],"ha\u22121,":[224],"respectively.":[225],"results":[228,289],"improved":[230],"when":[231],"images":[234],"Root":[238],"Mean":[239],"Square":[240],"Error":[241],"(RMSE)":[242],"that":[244,280],"correspond":[245],"18.8%":[247],"(20.4":[256],"m)":[257],"41%":[260],"(204":[268],"ha\u22121).":[270],"other":[283],"Congo":[284],"Basin":[285],"studies.":[287],"detailed":[292],"illustrated":[295],"implications":[298],"discussed.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00"}