{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3010864078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12060908","title":"Axis Learning for Orientated Objects Detection in Aerial Images","display_name":"Axis Learning for Orientated Objects Detection in Aerial Images","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3010864078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12060908","mag":"3010864078"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12060908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12060908","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/6/908/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/6/908/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015087962","display_name":"Zhifeng Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8239-2268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhifeng Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8239-2268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054746195","display_name":"Linjun Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5425-9697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linjun Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5425-9697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101127800","display_name":"Weiping Shao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiping Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Corporation, Hangzhou 310007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Corporation, Hangzhou 310007, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014656537","display_name":"Xiaowei Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4497-4352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100647321","display_name":"Kai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7653-9120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054746195"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":100.9998,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":79,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99903713,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"908","last_page":"908"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8119046688079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7658861875534058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7143539190292358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6354484558105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.613140881061554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6115466952323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5554922223091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5390713810920715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.48939958214759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.48468950390815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-imagery","display_name":"Aerial imagery","score":0.46782320737838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.45771896839141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4362657368183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36716392636299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15764692425727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13702744245529175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8119046688079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7658861875534058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7143539190292358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6354484558105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.613140881061554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6115466952323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5554922223091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5390713810920715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.48939958214759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.48468950390815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987819851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191839","display_name":"Aerial imagery","level":2,"score":0.46782320737838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45771896839141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4362657368183136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36716392636299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15764692425727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13702744245529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12060908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12060908","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/6/908/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d3b441934f3432e8dd51bf5c07fb020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d3b441934f3432e8dd51bf5c07fb020","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 6, p 908 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/6/908/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12060908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 6; Pages: 908","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12060908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12060908","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/6/908/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6040465261","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SGTYHT/18-JS-206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","funder_display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326707","display_name":"State Grid Corporation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/05twwhs70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335967","display_name":"Science and Technology Project of State Grid","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3010864078.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3010864078.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2400138547","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2577537809","https://openalex.org/W2593539516","https://openalex.org/W2605982830","https://openalex.org/W2625829240","https://openalex.org/W2784050770","https://openalex.org/W2788202095","https://openalex.org/W2855340099","https://openalex.org/W2899607431","https://openalex.org/W2903141337","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2963299996","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963786238","https://openalex.org/W2963927307","https://openalex.org/W2964018263","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2966307781","https://openalex.org/W2967487473","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2975233290","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3098218837","https://openalex.org/W3099008583","https://openalex.org/W3102695566","https://openalex.org/W3106228955","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6761108903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2972256598","https://openalex.org/W4388813151","https://openalex.org/W2610408157","https://openalex.org/W4283696875","https://openalex.org/W2342958307","https://openalex.org/W2612465689","https://openalex.org/W4284972948","https://openalex.org/W4396860960","https://openalex.org/W4390482660","https://openalex.org/W4283327355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Orientated":[0],"object":[1,34,98,166],"detection":[2,35],"in":[3,26,61,145],"aerial":[4,27,175],"images":[5],"is":[6,82,99,127,137,170],"still":[7],"a":[8,52,119,131,156,193],"challenging":[9],"task":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,57,101,124,139,147,151],"the":[13,18,76,79,83,86,91,94,97,102,108,115,149],"bird\u2019s":[14],"eye":[15],"view":[16],"and":[17,21,43,88,93,126,187,196],"various":[19],"scales":[20],"arbitrary":[22],"angles":[23],"of":[24,78,90,96,111,121],"objects":[25,60,71,106],"images.":[28],"Most":[29],"current":[30],"methods":[31,186,191],"for":[32,162],"orientated":[33,59,70,185],"are":[36,44,72],"anchor-based,":[37],"which":[38,81,159],"require":[39],"considerable":[40],"pre-defined":[41],"anchors":[42],"time":[45],"consuming.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"article,":[49],"we":[50],"propose":[51],"new":[53,132],"one-stage":[54,184],"anchor-free":[55],"method":[56,116,136,169],"detect":[58],"per-pixel":[62],"prediction":[63],"fashion":[64],"with":[65,182,192],"less":[66],"computational":[67,198],"complexity.":[68,199],"Arbitrary":[69],"detected":[73],"by":[74],"predicting":[75,105],"axis":[77],"object,":[80,92],"line":[84],"connecting":[85],"head":[87],"tail":[89],"width":[95],"vertical":[100],"axis.":[103],"By":[104],"at":[107],"pixel":[109,143],"level":[110],"feature":[112],"maps":[113],"directly,":[114],"avoids":[117],"setting":[118],"number":[120],"hyperparameters":[122],"related":[123],"anchor":[125],"computationally":[128],"efficient.":[129],"Besides,":[130],"aspect-ratio-aware":[133],"orientation":[134],"centerness":[135],"proposed":[138],"better":[140,179],"weigh":[141],"positive":[142],"points,":[144],"order":[146],"guide":[148],"network":[150],"learn":[152],"discriminative":[153],"features":[154],"from":[155],"complex":[157],"background,":[158],"brings":[160],"improvements":[161],"large":[163],"aspect":[164],"ratio":[165],"detection.":[167],"The":[168],"tested":[171],"on":[172],"two":[173],"common":[174],"image":[176],"datasets,":[177],"achieving":[178],"performance":[180],"compared":[181],"most":[183],"many":[188],"two-stage":[189],"anchor-based":[190],"simpler":[194],"procedure":[195],"lower":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
