{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007345480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040707","title":"Improved Detection of Inundation below the Forest Canopy using Normalized LiDAR Intensity Data","display_name":"Improved Detection of Inundation below the Forest Canopy using Normalized LiDAR Intensity Data","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007345480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040707","mag":"3007345480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12040707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040707","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/4/707/pdf?version=1582282815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/4/707/pdf?version=1582282815","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037134225","display_name":"Megan Lang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2702-899X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343028186","display_name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","ror":"https://ror.org/04k7dar27","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335927249","https://openalex.org/I1343028186"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megan W. Lang","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343028186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005666595","display_name":"Vincent Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5170-6239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308126019","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089050","display_name":"NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service","ror":"https://ror.org/007qwym43","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210089050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 5830 University Research Ct, College Park, MD 20740, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 5830 University Research Ct, College Park, MD 20740, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089050","https://openalex.org/I1308126019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046606001","display_name":"Gregory W. McCarty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-7166"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gregory W. McCarty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-7166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445622","display_name":"Xia Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3050-8529"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081235672","display_name":"In\u2010Young Yeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5991-733X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In-Young Yeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5991-733X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088514864","display_name":"Chengquan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0055-9798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengquan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031524246","display_name":"Ling Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2628-9557"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2628-9557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046606001"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7537,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82250356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"707","last_page":"707"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evergreen","display_name":"Evergreen","score":0.7917501926422119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7643530368804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.7470146417617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deciduous","display_name":"Deciduous","score":0.5499040484428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5386888980865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4870493710041046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.4765504002571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.4313453435897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evergreen-forest","display_name":"Evergreen forest","score":0.41612452268600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-canopy","display_name":"Tree canopy","score":0.4154154658317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.33874762058258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.2108353078365326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2066337764263153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177924670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190489","display_name":"Evergreen","level":2,"score":0.7917501926422119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7643530368804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.7470146417617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33283694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131316","display_name":"Deciduous","level":2,"score":0.5499040484428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5386888980865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4870493710041046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.4765504002571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4313453435897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776554196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1024867","display_name":"Evergreen forest","level":3,"score":0.41612452268600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.4154154658317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.33874762058258057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2108353078365326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2066337764263153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12040707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040707","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/4/707/pdf?version=1582282815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:de7ccaf61bf64504a0b39379ef90b24b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/de7ccaf61bf64504a0b39379ef90b24b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 4, p 707 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/4/707/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 4; Pages: 707","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12040707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040707","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/4/707/pdf?version=1582282815","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3007345480.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565254872","https://openalex.org/W1699715884","https://openalex.org/W1941456640","https://openalex.org/W1969025933","https://openalex.org/W1970425048","https://openalex.org/W1971439468","https://openalex.org/W1974776350","https://openalex.org/W1978083181","https://openalex.org/W1979678339","https://openalex.org/W1996901657","https://openalex.org/W2001950904","https://openalex.org/W2005827599","https://openalex.org/W2006847417","https://openalex.org/W2009289118","https://openalex.org/W2010062112","https://openalex.org/W2017387468","https://openalex.org/W2017684208","https://openalex.org/W2019620133","https://openalex.org/W2032185885","https://openalex.org/W2034385314","https://openalex.org/W2034551188","https://openalex.org/W2035118832","https://openalex.org/W2042891401","https://openalex.org/W2046736943","https://openalex.org/W2053843145","https://openalex.org/W2056380340","https://openalex.org/W2057273608","https://openalex.org/W2060983504","https://openalex.org/W2063450173","https://openalex.org/W2070608504","https://openalex.org/W2072408672","https://openalex.org/W2073597988","https://openalex.org/W2078416067","https://openalex.org/W2086103748","https://openalex.org/W2088863228","https://openalex.org/W2092197994","https://openalex.org/W2093586621","https://openalex.org/W2095112144","https://openalex.org/W2098464702","https://openalex.org/W2098796708","https://openalex.org/W2098919237","https://openalex.org/W2102947491","https://openalex.org/W2113551198","https://openalex.org/W2119616250","https://openalex.org/W2127200804","https://openalex.org/W2128033169","https://openalex.org/W2136029762","https://openalex.org/W2147547492","https://openalex.org/W2148719805","https://openalex.org/W2149615411","https://openalex.org/W2159412935","https://openalex.org/W2160841761","https://openalex.org/W2161930174","https://openalex.org/W2162298841","https://openalex.org/W2166516660","https://openalex.org/W2179797066","https://openalex.org/W2316879534","https://openalex.org/W2346927376","https://openalex.org/W2467119575","https://openalex.org/W2498318876","https://openalex.org/W2567493576","https://openalex.org/W2582171415","https://openalex.org/W2590554472","https://openalex.org/W2782588715","https://openalex.org/W3027469538","https://openalex.org/W6747651179","https://openalex.org/W6777814681"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1801365375","https://openalex.org/W2238256599","https://openalex.org/W4244158610","https://openalex.org/W2063144659","https://openalex.org/W2003314671","https://openalex.org/W2009672454","https://openalex.org/W4381304094","https://openalex.org/W2320676011","https://openalex.org/W1986015089","https://openalex.org/W2330518740"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"best":[1],"conserve":[2],"wetlands":[3,17],"and":[4,14,26,30,37,42,74,93,121,135,151,153,181,199,207,215],"manage":[5],"associated":[6],"ecosystem":[7],"services":[8],"in":[9,40,87,103,194],"the":[10,65,88,143,154,157],"face":[11],"of":[12,59,71,91,105,108,117,123,133,146,156,196],"climate":[13],"land-use":[15],"change,":[16],"must":[18],"be":[19,166],"routinely":[20],"monitored":[21],"to":[22,46,51,63,94],"assess":[23],"their":[24],"extent":[25,29],"function.":[27],"Wetland":[28],"function":[31],"are":[32],"largely":[33],"driven":[34],"by":[35],"spatial":[36],"temporal":[38],"patterns":[39],"inundation":[41,75,97],"soil":[43],"moisture,":[44],"which":[45],"date":[47],"have":[48],"been":[49],"challenging":[50],"map,":[52],"especially":[53],"within":[54,83],"forested":[55],"wetlands.":[56],"The":[57],"objective":[58],"this":[60,187],"paper":[61],"is":[62,101],"investigate":[64],"different,":[66],"but":[67],"often":[68],"interacting":[69],"effects,":[70],"evergreen":[72,109,170],"vegetation":[73],"on":[76,131],"leaf-off":[77],"bare":[78,136],"earth":[79,137],"return":[80],"lidar":[81,138],"intensity":[82,139],"mixed":[84],"deciduous-evergreen":[85],"forests":[86],"Coastal":[89],"Plain":[90],"Maryland,":[92],"develop":[95],"an":[96,176],"mapping":[98],"approach":[99,188],"that":[100],"robust":[102,127],"areas":[104],"varying":[106],"levels":[107],"influence.":[110],"This":[111],"was":[112,173],"achieved":[113],"through":[114,212],"statistical":[115],"comparison":[116],"field":[118],"derived":[119],"metrics,":[120],"development":[122],"a":[124,200],"simple":[125],"yet":[126],"normalization":[128,158],"process,":[129],"based":[130],"first":[132],"many,":[134],"returns.":[140],"Results":[141],"demonstrate":[142],"confounding":[144],"influence":[145],"forest":[147,164],"canopy":[148],"gap":[149],"fraction":[150],"inundation,":[152],"effectiveness":[155],"process.":[159],"After":[160],"normalization,":[161],"inundated":[162],"deciduous":[163],"could":[165],"distinguished":[167],"from":[168],"non-inundated":[169],"forest.":[171],"Inundation":[172,183],"mapped":[174],"with":[175],"overall":[177],"accuracy":[178],"between":[179,203],"99.4%":[180],"100%.":[182],"maps":[184],"created":[185],"using":[186],"provide":[189],"insights":[190],"into":[191],"physical":[192,205],"processes":[193],"support":[195],"environmental":[197],"decision-making,":[198],"vital":[201],"link":[202],"fine-scale":[204],"conditions":[206],"moderate":[208],"resolution":[209],"satellite":[210],"imagery":[211],"enhanced":[213],"calibration":[214],"validation.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}