{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008005270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040679","title":"Building Shadow Detection on Ghost Images","display_name":"Building Shadow Detection on Ghost Images","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008005270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040679","mag":"3008005270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12040679","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040679","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/4/679/pdf?version=1582960842","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/4/679/pdf?version=1582960842","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075826136","display_name":"Guoqing Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8295-0496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqing Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","GuangXi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GuangXi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hongjun Sha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongjun Sha","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","GuangXi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GuangXi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0788,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79333587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"679","last_page":"679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.7982698678970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.6950045824050903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roof","display_name":"Roof","score":0.5696167349815369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow-mapping","display_name":"Shadow mapping","score":0.5320131778717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.4852409362792969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.47613218426704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4665073752403259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.440984308719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41108250617980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3948586583137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35541847348213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3543314039707184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.33715689182281494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.3031335473060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2298414707183838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7982698678970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.6950045824050903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180","display_name":"Roof","level":2,"score":0.5696167349815369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116544410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478122","display_name":"Shadow mapping","level":2,"score":0.5320131778717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4852409362792969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.47613218426704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4665073752403259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.440984308719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41108250617980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3948586583137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35541847348213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3543314039707184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33715689182281494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.3031335473060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2298414707183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12040679","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040679","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/4/679/pdf?version=1582960842","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4a88f7a8a4ab4b3a8e53f7248362ae2c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4a88f7a8a4ab4b3a8e53f7248362ae2c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 4, p 679 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/4/679/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 4; Pages: 679","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12040679","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040679","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/4/679/pdf?version=1582960842","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3312265324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41431179,41961065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5621401100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0502501","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008005270.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3008005270.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984835402","https://openalex.org/W1991687628","https://openalex.org/W2015571614","https://openalex.org/W2028842634","https://openalex.org/W2038358063","https://openalex.org/W2065769426","https://openalex.org/W2068885053","https://openalex.org/W2085665642","https://openalex.org/W2104569535","https://openalex.org/W2113757588","https://openalex.org/W2130334431","https://openalex.org/W2137069078","https://openalex.org/W2141573384","https://openalex.org/W2168734575","https://openalex.org/W2169053171","https://openalex.org/W2414629113","https://openalex.org/W2557090742","https://openalex.org/W2612076836","https://openalex.org/W2747404102","https://openalex.org/W2785628721","https://openalex.org/W2792969763","https://openalex.org/W6685061474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504907250","https://openalex.org/W4387143966","https://openalex.org/W4200295500","https://openalex.org/W2743826367","https://openalex.org/W2031094984","https://openalex.org/W2557434884","https://openalex.org/W2554280219","https://openalex.org/W2353014491","https://openalex.org/W2316352747","https://openalex.org/W2071696414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"many":[1],"efforts":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4,26],"made":[5],"on":[6,15,19,39,49,65,85,104,156,166,170,176,232,240,244],"building":[7,21,133,144,158,168],"shadow":[8,37,50,82,86,102,155,164,228,233,252],"detection":[9,18,38,229,253],"from":[10],"aerial":[11,75,111,183],"images,":[12],"little":[13],"research":[14],"simultaneous":[16,36],"shadows":[17,141,206,238],"both":[20],"roofs":[22],"and":[23,54,96,121,145,162,218,243,259],"grounds":[24],"has":[25],"presented.":[27],"Hence,":[28],"this":[29],"paper":[30],"proposes":[31],"a":[32,46,154],"new":[33],"method":[34,230],"for":[35],"ghost":[40,172],"image.":[41,76],"In":[42],"the":[43,66,74,81,92,97,105,108,117,122,127,131,137,140,146,157,163,167,171,177,180,187,197,205,208,212,219,226,237,241,245,248],"proposed":[44,198],"method,":[45],"corner":[47,83],"point":[48,84],"boundary":[51,87],"is":[52,59,88,160,174,222],"selected":[53],"its":[55],"3D":[56,78],"approximate":[57],"coordinate":[58],"calculated":[60],"through":[61],"photogrammetric":[62],"collinear":[63],"equation":[64],"basis":[67,178],"of":[68,70,80,110,130,142,149,179,189,207,251],"assumption":[69],"average":[71],"elevation":[72],"within":[73],"The":[77,101,200],"coordinates":[79],"used":[89,194],"to":[90,195],"calculate":[91],"solar":[93,98,118,123],"zenith":[94,119],"angle":[95,120,125],"altitude":[99,124],"angle.":[100],"areas":[103],"ground,":[106],"at":[107],"moment":[109],"photograph":[112],"shooting":[113],"are":[114,193,215],"determined":[115],"by":[116,257],"with":[126],"prior":[128],"information":[129],"digital":[132],"model":[134],"(DBM).":[135],"Using":[136],"relationship":[138],"between":[139],"each":[143],"height":[147],"difference":[148],"buildings,":[150],"whether":[151],"there":[152],"exists":[153],"roof":[159,169],"determined,":[161],"area":[165,214],"image":[173],"detected":[175],"DBM.":[181],"High-resolution":[182],"images":[184],"located":[185],"in":[186,211],"City":[188],"Denver,":[190],"Colorado,":[191],"USA":[192],"verify":[196],"method.":[199],"experimental":[201],"results":[202],"demonstrate":[203],"that":[204],"120":[209],"buildings":[210,246],"study":[213],"completely":[216],"detected,":[217],"success":[220],"rate":[221,250],"15%":[223],"higher":[224],"than":[225],"traditional":[227],"based":[231],"features.":[234],"Especially,":[235],"when":[236],"occur":[239],"ground":[242],"roofs,":[247],"successful":[249],"can":[254],"be":[255],"improved":[256],"9.42%":[258],"33.33%":[260],"respectively.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}