{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3001687366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030359","title":"GNSS-RO Refractivity Bias Correction Under Ducting Layer Using Surface-Reflection Signal","display_name":"GNSS-RO Refractivity Bias Correction Under Ducting Layer Using Surface-Reflection Signal","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3001687366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030359","mag":"3001687366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12030359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030359","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/3/359/pdf?version=1580696883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/3/359/pdf?version=1580696883","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070704858","display_name":"Kuo-Nung Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9599-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kuo-Nung Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012194367","display_name":"C. O. Ao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6171-0872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Ao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031574543","display_name":"Manuel de la Torre Ju\u00e1rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1393-5297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel de la Torre Ju\u00e1rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070704858"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.9171,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84710353,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"359","last_page":"359"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6360705494880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-occultation","display_name":"Radio occultation","score":0.5938668847084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5216636657714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4896126389503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occultation","display_name":"Occultation","score":0.4437614381313324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.38293617963790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3354265093803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.33338409662246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18527114391326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14690381288528442}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6360705494880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777034083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1560557","display_name":"Radio occultation","level":3,"score":0.5938668847084045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5216636657714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4896126389503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131040042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202746","display_name":"Occultation","level":2,"score":0.4437614381313324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.38293617963790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3354265093803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.33338409662246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18527114391326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14690381288528442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12030359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030359","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/3/359/pdf?version=1580696883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6e17b72104c64ddcb525316337122273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6e17b72104c64ddcb525316337122273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 3, p 359 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12030359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030359","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/3/359/pdf?version=1580696883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3001687366.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3001687366.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490948084","https://openalex.org/W1548722866","https://openalex.org/W1563357920","https://openalex.org/W1649257322","https://openalex.org/W1969146173","https://openalex.org/W1969813484","https://openalex.org/W1970261111","https://openalex.org/W1989066162","https://openalex.org/W1997760225","https://openalex.org/W1997819019","https://openalex.org/W2023424684","https://openalex.org/W2042559975","https://openalex.org/W2049800312","https://openalex.org/W2062163102","https://openalex.org/W2062317864","https://openalex.org/W2068569126","https://openalex.org/W2092870512","https://openalex.org/W2100115494","https://openalex.org/W2107656582","https://openalex.org/W2119747561","https://openalex.org/W2120653142","https://openalex.org/W2128353752","https://openalex.org/W2128484936","https://openalex.org/W2134077982","https://openalex.org/W2146631817","https://openalex.org/W2146691689","https://openalex.org/W2158053946","https://openalex.org/W2177568996","https://openalex.org/W2605454497","https://openalex.org/W2749935277","https://openalex.org/W2750010938","https://openalex.org/W2787173879","https://openalex.org/W2970815912","https://openalex.org/W6632732941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W581459807","https://openalex.org/W2076760108","https://openalex.org/W2385429089","https://openalex.org/W2080119763","https://openalex.org/W2209680672","https://openalex.org/W3009895728","https://openalex.org/W631171883","https://openalex.org/W2019829304","https://openalex.org/W2082728146","https://openalex.org/W2049555184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,18,135,140,165],"its":[2],"high":[3],"vertical":[4,21],"resolution":[5],"and":[6,58,71,88,195,205,239],"cloud-penetrating":[7],"capability,":[8],"GNSS-Radio":[9],"Occultation":[10],"(RO)":[11],"remote":[12],"sensing":[13],"technique":[14],"has":[15,65],"been":[16],"utilized":[17],"observe":[19],"the":[20,24,33,46,49,55,61,72,85,90,94,103,119,124,132,137,152,156,167,180,196,210,217,222,227,236,244,249],"structure":[22],"of":[23,48,96,105,172],"Planetary":[25],"Boundary":[26],"Layer":[27],"(PBL)":[28],"in":[29,109,148,215],"recent":[30],"years.":[31],"However,":[32],"critical":[34],"refraction,":[35],"or":[36],"ducting,":[37],"caused":[38],"by":[39,131,188,248],"large":[40],"refractivity":[41,57],"gradients":[42],"usually":[43],"associated":[44],"with":[45,209],"top":[47],"stratocumulus":[50],"clouds,":[51],"can":[52,82,233],"negatively":[53],"bias":[54,87,138,238],"retrieved":[56,220],"humidity":[59],"within":[60,243],"PBL.":[62],"Previous":[63],"research":[64],"shown":[66],"that":[67,117,128,230],"combining":[68],"RO":[69,126,198,241],"retrievals":[70],"external":[73,250],"information,":[74,251],"such":[75,252],"as":[76,253],"collocated":[77,97],"precipitable":[78],"water":[79],"(PW)":[80],"estimates,":[81],"effectively":[83],"reduce":[84,235],"negative":[86,237],"enhance":[89],"retrieval":[91],"quality.":[92],"Nevertheless,":[93],"requirement":[95],"observations":[98,143],"from":[99,123,169,221],"other":[100],"techniques":[101],"limits":[102],"applicability":[104],"this":[106,149,231],"reconstruction":[107],"method":[108,185],"practice.":[110],"Here,":[111],"we":[112],"describe":[113],"an":[114],"alternative":[115],"approach":[116,150,232],"uses":[118],"coherent":[120],"grazing":[121],"signals":[122,154],"same":[125],"event":[127],"are":[129,144],"reflected":[130,153,175,218],"Earth\u2019s":[133],"surface":[134],"remove":[136],"due":[139],"ducting.":[141],"Additional":[142],"no":[145],"longer":[146],"necessary":[147],"because":[151],"provide":[155],"extra":[157],"constraint.":[158],"A":[159],"least":[160],"squares":[161],"framework":[162],"is":[163],"used":[164],"select":[166],"candidate":[168],"a":[170],"family":[171],"solutions":[173],"wherein":[174],"bending":[176,199,219],"angle":[177,200],"best":[178],"matches":[179],"corresponding":[181],"observation.":[182],"This":[183],"new":[184],"was":[186,207,225],"validated":[187],"both":[189],"multiple":[190],"phase":[191],"screen":[192],"(MPS)":[193],"simulation":[194],"simulated":[197],"via":[201],"forward":[202],"Abel":[203],"transform,":[204],"it":[206],"tested":[208],"actual":[211],"GPS-RO":[212],"measurements.":[213],"While,":[214],"general,":[216],"current":[223],"mission":[224],"noisy,":[226],"results":[228],"show":[229],"potentially":[234],"improve":[240],"observation":[242],"PBL":[245],"without":[246],"assistance":[247],"PW.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
