{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3001443763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020324","title":"Performance Comparison of Geoid Refinement between XGM2016 and EGM2008 Based on the KTH and RCR Methods: Jilin Province, China","display_name":"Performance Comparison of Geoid Refinement between XGM2016 and EGM2008 Based on the KTH and RCR Methods: Jilin Province, China","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3001443763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020324","mag":"3001443763"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12020324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020324","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/2/324/pdf?version=1579777975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/2/324/pdf?version=1579777975","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026122197","display_name":"Qiong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7182-6702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107910069","display_name":"Hongyao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005806412","display_name":"Bin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6112-4216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141849","display_name":"National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04z3map19","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geodetic Data Processing Centre, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","Geodetic Data Processing Centre, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Xi'an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geodetic Data Processing Centre, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geodetic Data Processing Centre, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103100390","display_name":"Shengbo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5399-709X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengbo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089171536","display_name":"Hongqing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0658-6295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongqing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089171536"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.7226,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68851067,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"324","last_page":"324"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geoid","display_name":"Geoid","score":0.9565067291259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.7875925302505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undulation-of-the-geoid","display_name":"Undulation of the geoid","score":0.6554859280586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-field","display_name":"Gravitational field","score":0.5875229835510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5648229122161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5437771081924438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopotential","display_name":"Geopotential","score":0.5011518001556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravity-of-earth","display_name":"Gravity of Earth","score":0.44122952222824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4317680895328522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravity-anomaly","display_name":"Gravity anomaly","score":0.4309498071670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.4117738902568817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2877500355243683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.15876421332359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14228227734565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1410624086856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10535535216331482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80989030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185969","display_name":"Geoid","level":3,"score":0.9565067291259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.7875925302505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180966878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185969","display_name":"Undulation of the geoid","level":4,"score":0.6554859280586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14257148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558066","display_name":"Gravitational field","level":2,"score":0.5875229835510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5648229122161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5437771081924438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160121416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423347","display_name":"Geopotential","level":2,"score":0.5011518001556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68989474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673166","display_name":"Gravity of Earth","level":3,"score":0.44122952222824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4317680895328522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96342900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413914","display_name":"Gravity anomaly","level":3,"score":0.4309498071670532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4117738902568817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2877500355243683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.15876421332359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14228227734565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1410624086856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10535535216331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776364302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1845437","display_name":"Oil field","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113346285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804193","display_name":"Measured depth","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12020324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020324","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/2/324/pdf?version=1579777975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9554947bc87d410787323ae20d31fe5f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9554947bc87d410787323ae20d31fe5f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 2, p 324 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/2/324/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12020324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 2; Pages: 324","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12020324","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020324","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/2/324/pdf?version=1579777975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4591999020","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017TD-26","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336022","funder_display_name":"Program for Jilin University Science and Technology Innovative Research Team"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G667176016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JLUSTIRT, 2017TD-26","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322300","funder_display_name":"Jilin University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322300","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336022","display_name":"Program for Jilin University Science and Technology Innovative Research Team","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3001443763.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3001443763.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8678021","https://openalex.org/W116312733","https://openalex.org/W170908345","https://openalex.org/W650561924","https://openalex.org/W1524411735","https://openalex.org/W1541769141","https://openalex.org/W1585761839","https://openalex.org/W1594234351","https://openalex.org/W1606299158","https://openalex.org/W1662506623","https://openalex.org/W1963897307","https://openalex.org/W1971375144","https://openalex.org/W1971487207","https://openalex.org/W1981115797","https://openalex.org/W1981981611","https://openalex.org/W2007106142","https://openalex.org/W2007612198","https://openalex.org/W2018904599","https://openalex.org/W2022102820","https://openalex.org/W2032984378","https://openalex.org/W2050001231","https://openalex.org/W2060405276","https://openalex.org/W2060665466","https://openalex.org/W2077148096","https://openalex.org/W2082183406","https://openalex.org/W2085067462","https://openalex.org/W2094072638","https://openalex.org/W2099114370","https://openalex.org/W2118865330","https://openalex.org/W2129511141","https://openalex.org/W2136342682","https://openalex.org/W2143593077","https://openalex.org/W2158401059","https://openalex.org/W2333727598","https://openalex.org/W2537476217","https://openalex.org/W2762071050","https://openalex.org/W2909820233","https://openalex.org/W3003735213","https://openalex.org/W3016448022","https://openalex.org/W4230228489","https://openalex.org/W4234985135","https://openalex.org/W4246120039","https://openalex.org/W4403616903","https://openalex.org/W6600354087","https://openalex.org/W6723547094","https://openalex.org/W6728822150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044057455","https://openalex.org/W2217996150","https://openalex.org/W195943354","https://openalex.org/W2374906550","https://openalex.org/W2047220746","https://openalex.org/W2551639413","https://openalex.org/W3154958278","https://openalex.org/W2074031761","https://openalex.org/W852103078","https://openalex.org/W4313567123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,61,152,181,215,230,262,294],"selection":[1],"of":[2,17,32,46,90,105,113,123,129,142,166,173,179,202,224,284,297,310],"an":[3,81],"appropriate":[4],"global":[5,48,195,226,238,244],"gravity":[6,94,158,217,269,359,382],"field":[7,95,159,270],"model":[8,22,168,252,287,299,312],"and":[9,42,72,84,107,185,242,276,302,316,341,371,386],"refinement":[10,56],"method":[11,79,278,328],"can":[12,279],"effectively":[13,280],"improve":[14,281],"the":[15,18,30,39,43,47,53,76,85,91,98,103,110,127,132,156,163,176,200,203,208,212,222,225,236,243,267,282,285,314,326,330,338,346,351,356,368,377],"accuracy":[16,31,128,296],"refined":[19,65,263,295,352],"regional":[20,62],"geoid":[21,55,63,264,286,353],"in":[23,52,57,109,131,194,313,337,345,367],"a":[24,119,190],"certain":[25],"research":[26],"area.":[27,348],"We":[28],"analyzed":[29],"Experimental":[33],"Geopotential":[34],"Model":[35,70],"(XGM2016)":[36],"based":[37,66,249,265,324,354],"on":[38,67,250,266,325,355],"GPS-leveling":[40,99],"data":[41,218,383],"modification":[44,153,183,234],"parameters":[45,154],"mean":[49,196,227,239,245],"square":[50,197,228,240,246],"errors":[51],"KTH":[54,86,275,303,327,361],"Jilin":[58,114],"Province,":[59],"China.":[60],"was":[64,169,210,253,329],"Earth":[68,358],"Gravitational":[69],"(EGM2008)":[71],"XGM2016":[73,106,167,251,311],"using":[74,300],"both":[75,274],"Helmert":[77],"condensation":[78],"with":[80,118,260],"RCR":[82,277,301,366],"procedure":[83],"method.":[87],"A":[88],"comparison":[89],"original":[92],"two":[93,157,268,357],"models":[96,160,271],"to":[97,148,291,365],"benchmarks":[100],"showed":[101,161],"that":[102,141,162,172,273,309],"accuracies":[104],"EGM2008":[108,130,174,298,323],"plain":[111,315,339,369],"area":[112,135,340,379],"Province":[115],"are":[116],"similar":[117,364],"standard":[120],"deviation":[121],"(STD)":[122],"5.8":[124],"cm,":[125],"whereas":[126],"high":[133,317],"mountainous":[134,347,378],"is":[136,305,384],"1.4":[137],"cm":[138,258,336,344],"better":[139,307,374],"than":[140,171,308],"XGM2016,":[143],"which":[144],"may":[145,188],"be":[146],"attributed":[147],"its":[149],"low":[150],"resolution.":[151],"between":[155],"coefficient":[164],"error":[165,205,219,247],"lower":[170],"for":[175,221,350,376],"same":[177],"degree":[178],"expansion.":[180],"different":[182],"limits":[184],"integral":[186,209],"radii":[187],"produce":[189],"centimeter":[191],"level":[192],"difference":[193],"error,":[198,241],"while":[199],"influence":[201],"truncation":[204],"caused":[206],"by":[207,255],"at":[211,333],"millimeter":[213],"level.":[214],"terrestrial":[216,381],"accounted":[220],"majority":[223],"error.":[229],"optimal":[231],"least":[232],"squares":[233],"obtained":[235],"minimum":[237],"calculated":[248],"reduced":[254],"about":[256,289],"1~3":[257],"compared":[259],"EGM2008.":[261],"indicated":[272],"STD":[283],"from":[288],"six":[290],"three":[292],"centimeters.":[293],"methods":[304],"slightly":[306],"mountain":[318],"areas":[319],"after":[320],"seven-parameter":[321],"fitting.":[322],"most":[331],"precise":[332],"\u00b1":[334,342],"2.0":[335],"2.4":[343],"Generally,":[349],"models,":[360],"produced":[362],"results":[363],"area,":[370],"had":[372],"relatively":[373],"performance":[375],"where":[380],"sparse":[385],"unevenly":[387],"distributed.":[388]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}