{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3000379248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020233","title":"SAR Interferometric Baseline Refinement Based on Flat-Earth Phase without a Ground Control Point","display_name":"SAR Interferometric Baseline Refinement Based on Flat-Earth Phase without a Ground Control Point","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3000379248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020233","mag":"3000379248"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12020233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020233","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/2/233/pdf?version=1579430807","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/2/233/pdf?version=1579430807","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019950421","display_name":"Bing Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2047-2326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2047-2326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029039359","display_name":"Zhiwei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4575-5258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4575-5258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041135278","display_name":"Yan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5236-2589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023560591","display_name":"Jiancun Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7037-6422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiancun Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059188698","display_name":"Guangcai Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangcai Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029039359"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":24.4549,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98925425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"233","last_page":"233"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometric-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","score":0.910367488861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.789469838142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.7178055644035339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.6494626998901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6276302933692932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6242883801460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.5467504262924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-point","display_name":"Control point","score":0.4900261163711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-target","display_name":"Point target","score":0.48990052938461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4894911050796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.46647199988365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.40548598766326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3781011402606964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2777523994445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1128183901309967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09684565663337708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09514105319976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.09349814057350159}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.910367488861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.789469838142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.7178055644035339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.6494626998901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6276302933692932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6242883801460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.5467504262924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777774050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16945110","display_name":"Control point","level":2,"score":0.4900261163711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778999744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208292","display_name":"Point target","level":3,"score":0.48990052938461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4894911050796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.46647199988365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.40548598766326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3781011402606964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2777523994445801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1128183901309967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09684565663337708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09514105319976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09349814057350159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12020233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020233","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/2/233/pdf?version=1579430807","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b185d8a394db405189a01a1c8758d791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b185d8a394db405189a01a1c8758d791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 2, p 233 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/2/233/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12020233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12020233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020233","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/2/233/pdf?version=1579430807","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2093306325","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41804008, 41474007, and 41574005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2358239531","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016SK2002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3881484038","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017zzts550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","funder_display_name":"Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4255518303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41804008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5331987373","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"03-Y20A11-9001-15/16","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5340317152","display_name":"\u547c\u56fe\u58c1\u50a8\u6c14\u7530\u65f6\u5e8fInSAR\u5f62\u53d8\u76d1\u6d4b\u4e0e\u6ce8\u91c7\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41574005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6466002446","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41474007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","funder_display_name":"Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8343997822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41574005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","funder_display_name":"Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G966655165","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41474007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000379248.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3000379248.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145742350","https://openalex.org/W1672189226","https://openalex.org/W1968735445","https://openalex.org/W1970235400","https://openalex.org/W1970302608","https://openalex.org/W1983768409","https://openalex.org/W1990590197","https://openalex.org/W2010813660","https://openalex.org/W2017496690","https://openalex.org/W2019388236","https://openalex.org/W2025494752","https://openalex.org/W2031604650","https://openalex.org/W2066043610","https://openalex.org/W2066132495","https://openalex.org/W2083865198","https://openalex.org/W2113974794","https://openalex.org/W2117599194","https://openalex.org/W2126056550","https://openalex.org/W2139597788","https://openalex.org/W2141242528","https://openalex.org/W2142212280","https://openalex.org/W2145673261","https://openalex.org/W2351479091","https://openalex.org/W2359939219","https://openalex.org/W2360591629","https://openalex.org/W2366667256","https://openalex.org/W2379741750","https://openalex.org/W2439232637","https://openalex.org/W4234698323","https://openalex.org/W4251653808","https://openalex.org/W6677521216","https://openalex.org/W6701792287","https://openalex.org/W6732239828","https://openalex.org/W6777594810","https://openalex.org/W7036260020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148155918","https://openalex.org/W2462682329","https://openalex.org/W2375969670","https://openalex.org/W2053526712","https://openalex.org/W2382147371","https://openalex.org/W4206741056","https://openalex.org/W3040595263","https://openalex.org/W1621772017","https://openalex.org/W4239147863","https://openalex.org/W2544666549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interferometric":[0],"baseline":[1,20,94,101,140],"estimation":[2],"is":[3,110,143,175],"a":[4,72,88,100,105,113,133],"key":[5],"procedure":[6],"of":[7,17,26,56,83,163],"interferometric":[8,19,50,66,75,93],"synthetic":[9,67],"aperture":[10,68],"radar":[11],"(SAR)":[12],"data":[13],"processing.":[14],"The":[15,145],"error":[16],"the":[18,24,27,32,36,44,54,57,81,92,96,130,136,149,157,168,172],"affects":[21],"not":[22],"only":[23],"removal":[25,47],"flat-earth":[28,97],"phase,":[29],"but":[30],"also":[31],"transformation":[33],"coefficient":[34],"between":[35,91],"topographic":[37,45],"phase":[38,46],"and":[39,53,86,95,117,123,132,177],"elevation,":[40],"which":[41],"will":[42],"affect":[43],"for":[48,65],"differential":[49],"SAR":[51,125],"(D-InSAR)":[52],"accuracy":[55],"final":[58],"generated":[59],"digital":[60],"elevation":[61],"model":[62,116],"(DEM)":[63],"product":[64],"(InSAR).":[69],"To":[70],"obtain":[71],"highly":[73],"accurate":[74],"baseline,":[76],"this":[77],"paper":[78],"firstly":[79],"investigates":[80],"geometry":[82],"InSAR":[84],"imaging":[85],"establishes":[87],"rigorous":[89],"relationship":[90],"phase.":[98],"Then,":[99],"refinement":[102,141],"method":[103,119,142,151,174],"without":[104],"ground":[106],"control":[107],"point":[108],"(GCP)":[109],"proposed,":[111],"where":[112],"relevant":[114],"theoretical":[115],"resolving":[118],"are":[120,127],"developed.":[121],"Synthetic":[122],"real":[124],"datasets":[126],"used":[128],"in":[129,167],"experiments,":[131],"comparison":[134],"with":[135,161],"conventional":[137,158],"least-square":[138],"(LS)":[139],"made.":[144],"results":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"that":[148],"proposed":[150,173],"exhibits":[152],"an":[153],"obvious":[154],"improvement":[155],"over":[156],"LS":[159],"method,":[160],"percentages":[162],"up":[164],"to":[165],"51.5%":[166],"cross-track":[169],"direction.":[170],"Therefore,":[171],"effective":[176],"advantageous.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
