{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996773698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010128","title":"SAR Target Classification Based on Deep Forest Model","display_name":"SAR Target Classification Based on Deep Forest Model","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996773698","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010128","mag":"2996773698"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12010128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010128","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/128/pdf?version=1578190845","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/128/pdf?version=1578190845","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082537643","display_name":"Jiahuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7722-6022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","School of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101459832","display_name":"Hongjun Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0096-3364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongjun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038290848","display_name":"Binbin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8791-3109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binbin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","School of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing System, Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101459832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":28.299,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99122218,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"128","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7990924119949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.7090073227882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6599327325820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-acquisition","display_name":"Target acquisition","score":0.6564449667930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5273348093032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5176296830177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.49240243434906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.4883594214916229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48270177841186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47636744379997253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4469173550605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3681756258010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08529025316238403}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7990924119949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.7090073227882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6599327325820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779726219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7685884","display_name":"Target acquisition","level":2,"score":0.6564449667930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5273348093032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5176296830177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49240243434906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.4883594214916229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48270177841186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47636744379997253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4469173550605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3681756258010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08529025316238403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12010128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010128","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/128/pdf?version=1578190845","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:506f34553f69476fb95749d0269a35e7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/506f34553f69476fb95749d0269a35e7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 1, p 128 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/1/128/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 1; Pages: 128","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12010128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010128","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/128/pdf?version=1578190845","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996773698.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996773698.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1920235975","https://openalex.org/W1925297696","https://openalex.org/W1974989833","https://openalex.org/W1999192586","https://openalex.org/W2057642807","https://openalex.org/W2079299474","https://openalex.org/W2089520361","https://openalex.org/W2124014399","https://openalex.org/W2139565648","https://openalex.org/W2145073242","https://openalex.org/W2148791593","https://openalex.org/W2165302862","https://openalex.org/W2269648248","https://openalex.org/W2292481059","https://openalex.org/W2410591237","https://openalex.org/W2466539075","https://openalex.org/W2521772843","https://openalex.org/W2544339223","https://openalex.org/W2548741369","https://openalex.org/W2559324447","https://openalex.org/W2592340788","https://openalex.org/W2597000936","https://openalex.org/W2617965156","https://openalex.org/W2701090035","https://openalex.org/W2743303000","https://openalex.org/W2747584734","https://openalex.org/W2773879941","https://openalex.org/W2785749360","https://openalex.org/W2804451427","https://openalex.org/W2807815623","https://openalex.org/W2891609780","https://openalex.org/W2895222021","https://openalex.org/W2899757317","https://openalex.org/W2914218261","https://openalex.org/W2921019392","https://openalex.org/W2980143320","https://openalex.org/W3041054962","https://openalex.org/W3160711233","https://openalex.org/W6681651645","https://openalex.org/W6696636527","https://openalex.org/W6795207681","https://openalex.org/W7052929842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W2106749053","https://openalex.org/W2053024573","https://openalex.org/W3130755980","https://openalex.org/W2540523933","https://openalex.org/W4380446815","https://openalex.org/W2773828237","https://openalex.org/W4386323663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"aperture":[1],"radar":[2],"(SAR)":[3],"has":[4],"become":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,12,29,36,42,94,112,119,146],"the":[8,34,39,82,98,110,159,164,172,178,186],"most":[9],"important":[10],"means":[11],"information":[13],"acquisition":[14,103],"in":[15,22,97,122],"today\u2019s":[16],"society":[17],"and":[18,27,60,100,104,118,139,155],"shows":[19],"great":[20],"potential":[21],"many":[23,45],"fields.":[24],"Target":[25],"identification":[26],"classification":[28,53],"SAR":[30,51,95,183],"images":[31,114],"are":[32,168],"also":[33],"focus":[35],"research.":[37],"With":[38],"vigorous":[40],"development":[41],"deep":[43,69],"learning,":[44],"researchers":[46],"apply":[47],"this":[48,65],"method":[49],"to":[50,54,90,151,171,181],"target":[52,102],"obtain":[55,141],"a":[56,67],"more":[57,61],"automatic":[58],"process":[59],"accurate":[62],"results.":[63,143],"In":[64],"paper,":[66],"novel":[68],"forest":[70,76],"model":[71,153],"constructed":[72],"by":[73,132],"multi-grained":[74],"cascade":[75],"(gcForest),":[77],"which":[78],"is":[79,88,177],"different":[80,120],"from":[81],"traditional":[83],"neural":[84],"network":[85],"(NN)":[86],"model,":[87],"employed":[89],"classify":[91,182],"ten":[92],"types":[93],"targets":[96,111,184],"moving":[99],"stationary":[101],"recognition":[105],"(MSTAR)":[106],"dataset.":[107],"Considering":[108],"that":[109,163],"input":[113],"may":[115],"be":[116],"off-center":[117],"sizes":[121],"practical":[123],"applications,":[124],"two":[125,165],"improved":[126,166],"models":[127,167],"based":[128],"on":[129],"varying":[130],"weights":[131],"image":[133],"features":[134],"have":[135,148],"been":[136,149],"put":[137],"forward,":[138],"both":[140,169],"better":[142],"A":[144],"series":[145],"experiments":[147],"conducted":[150],"optimize":[152],"parameters,":[154],"final":[156],"results":[157],"with":[158],"MSTAR":[160],"dataset":[161],"illustrate":[162],"superior":[170],"original":[173],"gcForest":[174],"model.":[175,188],"This":[176],"first":[179],"attempt":[180],"using":[185],"non-NN":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00"}
