{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2997035159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010125","title":"A Multi-Scale and Multi-Level Spectral-Spatial Feature Fusion Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"A Multi-Scale and Multi-Level Spectral-Spatial Feature Fusion Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2997035159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010125","mag":"2997035159"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12010125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010125","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/125/pdf?version=1578454430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/125/pdf?version=1578454430","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000814301","display_name":"Caihong Mu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4373-3661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Caihong Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052325644","display_name":"Zhen Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6918-8900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education, International Research Center for Intelligent Perception and Computation, Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computation, School of Artificial Intelligence, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100695128","display_name":"Yi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9993-0731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000814301","https://openalex.org/A5100695128"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.4834,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96028083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"125","last_page":"125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8652712106704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7238763570785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7053803205490112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.690135657787323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5951709151268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.47820305824279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.46122628450393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.460636705160141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4433005750179291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.44124317169189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4165402948856354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.2820194661617279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16335195302963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07061156630516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.059174031019210815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8652712106704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7238763570785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7053803205490112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.690135657787323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5951709151268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.47820305824279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46122628450393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.460636705160141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4433005750179291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.44124317169189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4165402948856354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2820194661617279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16335195302963257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07061156630516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.059174031019210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12010125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010125","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/125/pdf?version=1578454430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:86672d5a49814230a9a70dc14ea76384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/86672d5a49814230a9a70dc14ea76384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 12, Iss 1, p 125 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12010125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010125","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/125/pdf?version=1578454430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4333726770","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61672405, 61876141, U1701267, 61772399, 61773304, and 61802295","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2997035159.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528620860","https://openalex.org/W1990895816","https://openalex.org/W2001298088","https://openalex.org/W2059497048","https://openalex.org/W2067869061","https://openalex.org/W2097900616","https://openalex.org/W2103094532","https://openalex.org/W2127736052","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2146841526","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2269883405","https://openalex.org/W2311217941","https://openalex.org/W2465503420","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2572303978","https://openalex.org/W2572810799","https://openalex.org/W2582369608","https://openalex.org/W2588023376","https://openalex.org/W2603319241","https://openalex.org/W2603422184","https://openalex.org/W2614256707","https://openalex.org/W2614326984","https://openalex.org/W2754507318","https://openalex.org/W2757208835","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2792332881","https://openalex.org/W2888119354","https://openalex.org/W2898067078","https://openalex.org/W2913694414","https://openalex.org/W2937675449","https://openalex.org/W2964383635","https://openalex.org/W2967403871","https://openalex.org/W3023114228","https://openalex.org/W3103753223","https://openalex.org/W6626481562","https://openalex.org/W6633442887","https://openalex.org/W6650901122","https://openalex.org/W6675144965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W2027399350","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2019190440","https://openalex.org/W3034864990","https://openalex.org/W4230131218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extracting":[0],"spatial":[1,28,34,122,142],"and":[2,30,35,49,70,141,152],"spectral":[3,36,110,139],"features":[4,29,94,111,123,140,143,151],"through":[5],"deep":[6],"neural":[7,117,129],"networks":[8,21],"has":[9],"become":[10],"an":[11],"effective":[12],"means":[13],"of":[14,16,26,89,95,138,149],"classification":[15,170],"hyperspectral":[17,57,159,173],"images.":[18,174],"However,":[19],"most":[20],"rarely":[22],"consider":[23],"the":[24,63,79,87,90,92,109,114,121,126,136,147],"extraction":[25],"multi-scale":[27,48],"cannot":[31],"fully":[32],"integrate":[33],"features.":[37,154],"In":[38,78],"order":[39],"to":[40,74,167],"solve":[41],"these":[42],"problems,":[43],"this":[44,163],"paper":[45],"proposes":[46],"a":[47],"multi-level":[50],"spectral-spatial":[51,93],"feature":[52,76],"fusion":[53,137,148],"network":[54,61,118,130],"(MSSN)":[55],"for":[56,172],"image":[58],"classification.":[59],"The":[60,102],"uses":[62],"original":[64],"3D":[65],"cube":[66],"as":[67,86],"input":[68,88],"data":[69],"does":[71],"not":[72,133],"need":[73],"use":[75],"engineering.":[77],"MSSN,":[80],"using":[81],"different":[82,96],"scale":[83],"neighborhood":[84],"blocks":[85],"network,":[91],"scales":[97],"can":[98],"be":[99],"effectively":[100],"extracted.":[101],"proposed":[103],"3D\u20132D":[104],"alternating":[105],"residual":[106],"block":[107],"combines":[108],"extracted":[112,124],"by":[113,125],"three-dimensional":[115],"convolutional":[116,128],"(3D-CNN)":[119],"with":[120],"two-dimensional":[127],"(2D-CNN).":[131],"It":[132],"only":[134],"achieves":[135,146],"but":[144],"also":[145],"high-level":[150],"low-level":[153],"Experimental":[155],"results":[156],"on":[157],"four":[158],"datasets":[160],"show":[161],"that":[162],"method":[164],"is":[165],"superior":[166],"several":[168],"state-of-the-art":[169],"methods":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00"}
