{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996821722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010043","title":"An Incongruence-Based Anomaly Detection Strategy for Analyzing Water Pollution in Images from Remote Sensing","display_name":"An Incongruence-Based Anomaly Detection Strategy for Analyzing Water Pollution in Images from Remote Sensing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996821722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010043","mag":"2996821722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12010043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010043","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/43/pdf?version=1577760794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/43/pdf?version=1577760794","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026303431","display_name":"Maur\u00edcio Ara\u00fajo Dias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1361-6184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maur\u00edcio Ara\u00fajo Dias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, School of Sciences and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1361-6184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, School of Sciences and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069527837","display_name":"Erivaldo Ant\u00f4nio da Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7069-0479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erivaldo Ant\u00f4nio da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cartography, School of Sciences and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cartography, School of Sciences and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082874697","display_name":"Samara Azevedo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6237-3070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8165072","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Itajub\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/00235nr42","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8165072"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samara Cal\u00e7ado de Azevedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Resources Department, Federal University of Itajuba, Av. BPS 1303, Itajub\u00e1, MG 37500-903, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6237-3070","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Resources Department, Federal University of Itajuba, Av. BPS 1303, Itajub\u00e1, MG 37500-903, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8165072"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077785532","display_name":"Wallace Casaca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-9939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wallace Casaca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Rosana, SP 19274-000, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-9939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Rosana, SP 19274-000, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050512811","display_name":"Thiago Statella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-9147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018305852","display_name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso","ror":"https://ror.org/02t6f2351","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018305852"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thiago Statella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso (IFMT), 95 Zulmira Canavarro, Cuiab\u00e1, MT 780025-200, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-9147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso (IFMT), 95 Zulmira Canavarro, Cuiab\u00e1, MT 780025-200, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018305852"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048740404","display_name":"Rog\u00e9rio Galante Negri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-2362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rog\u00e9rio Galante Negri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Engineering, Sciences and Technology Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12247-004, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-2362","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Sciences and Technology Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12247-004, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026303431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":1.306,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82967987,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"43","last_page":"43"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7658576965332031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6136469841003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.5249395370483398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5081689357757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pollution","display_name":"Pollution","score":0.45910999178886414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.4309194087982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3894726037979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3237265944480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17843395471572876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7658576965332031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6136469841003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5249395370483398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5081689357757568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.45910999178886414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4309194087982178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3894726037979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3237265944480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17843395471572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12010043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010043","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/43/pdf?version=1577760794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/12/1/43/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 12; Issue 1; Pages: 43","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/200083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11449/200083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"instacron:UNESP","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs12010043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010043","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/1/43/pdf?version=1577760794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5736045715","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#2016/24185-8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996821722.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2996821722.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W122923078","https://openalex.org/W1483854707","https://openalex.org/W1517325806","https://openalex.org/W1525874315","https://openalex.org/W1527947507","https://openalex.org/W1550501260","https://openalex.org/W1556156241","https://openalex.org/W1564719664","https://openalex.org/W1775626196","https://openalex.org/W1892078914","https://openalex.org/W1970361289","https://openalex.org/W1971358070","https://openalex.org/W1971517391","https://openalex.org/W1986614398","https://openalex.org/W2015679947","https://openalex.org/W2015887370","https://openalex.org/W2018601649","https://openalex.org/W2026493302","https://openalex.org/W2031526302","https://openalex.org/W2037265949","https://openalex.org/W2038819732","https://openalex.org/W2052370895","https://openalex.org/W2059067440","https://openalex.org/W2063907334","https://openalex.org/W2083988575","https://openalex.org/W2084512860","https://openalex.org/W2085789144","https://openalex.org/W2089554624","https://openalex.org/W2089587382","https://openalex.org/W2091434801","https://openalex.org/W2097092275","https://openalex.org/W2097381042","https://openalex.org/W2098320146","https://openalex.org/W2105642232","https://openalex.org/W2106837342","https://openalex.org/W2109505087","https://openalex.org/W2111256709","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2124267685","https://openalex.org/W2126574516","https://openalex.org/W2134325623","https://openalex.org/W2137130182","https://openalex.org/W2138774388","https://openalex.org/W2141733958","https://openalex.org/W2142960677","https://openalex.org/W2145830077","https://openalex.org/W2153098266","https://openalex.org/W2157564217","https://openalex.org/W2163345210","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2171171329","https://openalex.org/W2171211028","https://openalex.org/W2209969974","https://openalex.org/W2228126342","https://openalex.org/W2278186031","https://openalex.org/W2319745077","https://openalex.org/W2342383797","https://openalex.org/W2462788687","https://openalex.org/W2483733041","https://openalex.org/W2503288456","https://openalex.org/W2509297762","https://openalex.org/W2542991588","https://openalex.org/W2548244659","https://openalex.org/W2577573873","https://openalex.org/W2586646478","https://openalex.org/W2613480438","https://openalex.org/W2752215963","https://openalex.org/W2753335802","https://openalex.org/W2765450607","https://openalex.org/W2782215697","https://openalex.org/W2789224430","https://openalex.org/W2800288384","https://openalex.org/W2801826172","https://openalex.org/W2802942478","https://openalex.org/W2887280559","https://openalex.org/W2945742768","https://openalex.org/W2948043340","https://openalex.org/W2948631690","https://openalex.org/W2963817582","https://openalex.org/W2978299386","https://openalex.org/W3046315426","https://openalex.org/W3046509796","https://openalex.org/W3046758147","https://openalex.org/W4214564766","https://openalex.org/W4245539475","https://openalex.org/W4250496981","https://openalex.org/W6632893135","https://openalex.org/W6672847311","https://openalex.org/W6674600207","https://openalex.org/W6680609354","https://openalex.org/W6682978191","https://openalex.org/W6684897833","https://openalex.org/W6704186746","https://openalex.org/W6704584501","https://openalex.org/W6763244757","https://openalex.org/W6780968587","https://openalex.org/W6781280826","https://openalex.org/W6781447073"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W4377864969","https://openalex.org/W2972971679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,94],"potential":[1],"applications":[2],"of":[3,42,78,81,104,141],"computational":[4],"tools,":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7,107],"anomaly":[8,34,59,82],"detection":[9,35,60],"and":[10,36,92],"incongruence,":[11],"for":[12,28,62,110,125],"analyzing":[13,63],"data":[14,41,116],"attract":[15],"much":[16],"attention":[17],"from":[18,45,68,120],"the":[19,85,102,139],"scientific":[20],"research":[21],"community.":[22],"However,":[23],"there":[24],"remains":[25],"a":[26,108],"need":[27],"more":[29],"studies":[30],"to":[31,39,130],"determine":[32],"how":[33],"incongruence":[37],"applied":[38],"analyze":[40],"static":[43],"images":[44,67,119],"remote":[46,69,121],"sensing":[47,70,122],"will":[48],"assist":[49,150],"in":[50,66,113,118,144],"detecting":[51,111,154],"water":[52,64,132,135],"pollution.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"study,":[56],"an":[57],"incongruence-based":[58],"strategy":[61,74,99,109],"pollution":[65,136],"is":[71,123],"presented.":[72],"Our":[73],"semi-automatically":[75],"detects":[76],"occurrences":[77],"one":[79],"type":[80],"based":[83],"on":[84],"divergence":[86],"between":[87],"two":[88],"image":[89],"classifications":[90],"(contextual":[91],"non-contextual).":[93],"results":[95],"indicate":[96],"that":[97],"our":[98],"accurately":[100],"analyzes":[101],"majority":[103],"images.":[105],"Incongruence":[106],"anomalies":[112],"real-application":[114],"(non-synthetic)":[115],"found":[117],"relevant":[124],"recognizing":[126],"crude":[127],"oil":[128],"close":[129],"open":[131],"bodies":[133],"or":[134,157],"caused":[137],"by":[138,153],"presence":[140],"brown":[142],"mud":[143],"large":[145],"rivers.":[146],"It":[147],"can":[148],"also":[149],"surveillance":[151],"systems":[152],"environmental":[155],"disasters":[156],"performing":[158],"mappings.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
