{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2992863195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242901","title":"Classification of Anomalous Pixels in the Focal Plane Arrays of Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 and -3 via Machine Learning","display_name":"Classification of Anomalous Pixels in the Focal Plane Arrays of Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 and -3 via Machine Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2992863195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242901","mag":"2992863195"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11242901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242901","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/24/2901/pdf?version=1575532180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/24/2901/pdf?version=1575532180","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067225333","display_name":"Yuliya Marchetti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuliya Marchetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020232020","display_name":"Robert Rosenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0459-4630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Rosenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023183976","display_name":"David Crisp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4573-9998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Crisp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067225333"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334627681"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6604,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83712398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"24","first_page":"2901","last_page":"2901"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.9054358601570129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6882771253585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observatory","display_name":"Observatory","score":0.6468938589096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5293218493461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardinal-point","display_name":"Cardinal point","score":0.5006024837493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49606236815452576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38732999563217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.369101881980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3315998315811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2978910505771637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19336968660354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.15870177745819092}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.9054358601570129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6882771253585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779919027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62832","display_name":"Observatory","level":2,"score":0.6468938589096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5293218493461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138395690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376733","display_name":"Cardinal point","level":2,"score":0.5006024837493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49606236815452576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38732999563217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.369101881980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3315998315811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2978910505771637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19336968660354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.15870177745819092}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11242901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242901","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/24/2901/pdf?version=1575532180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/24/2901/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11242901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 24; Pages: 2901","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11242901","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11242901","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/24/2901/pdf?version=1575532180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2992863195.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2992863195.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116902681","https://openalex.org/W2002366946","https://openalex.org/W2054588208","https://openalex.org/W2079085733","https://openalex.org/W2079232648","https://openalex.org/W2083164294","https://openalex.org/W2106499350","https://openalex.org/W2128160875","https://openalex.org/W2136849966","https://openalex.org/W2140331126","https://openalex.org/W2144994235","https://openalex.org/W2149147290","https://openalex.org/W2158940042","https://openalex.org/W2523742139","https://openalex.org/W2529373853","https://openalex.org/W2565866530","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2886397182","https://openalex.org/W2899658391","https://openalex.org/W2900978260","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2973231062","https://openalex.org/W4241273502","https://openalex.org/W6665990373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357146953","https://openalex.org/W1554583116","https://openalex.org/W1852911463","https://openalex.org/W4379178153","https://openalex.org/W4289760565","https://openalex.org/W2377904730","https://openalex.org/W2811614092","https://openalex.org/W2372902801","https://openalex.org/W2372186721","https://openalex.org/W2268460605"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"machine":[1,194],"learning":[2,195],"approach":[3,196,215],"was":[4],"developed":[5],"to":[6,47,61,105,129,167,186,219],"improve":[7],"the":[8,19,65,92,106,119,178],"bad":[9,125,190,208],"pixel":[10,100,126,174,191],"maps":[11],"that":[12,171,222],"mask":[13],"damaged":[14],"or":[15,94],"unusable":[16],"pixels":[17,46,113,209],"in":[18,52,72,91,162,210],"imaging":[20],"spectrometers":[21],"of":[22,64,96,145,206,226],"National":[23],"Aeronautics":[24],"and":[25,33,40,88,116,147,153,182],"Space":[26],"Administration":[27],"(NASA)":[28],"Orbiting":[29,34],"Carbon":[30,35],"Observatory-2":[31],"(OCO-2)":[32],"Observatory-3":[36],"(OCO-3).":[37],"The":[38,193],"OCO-2":[39],"OCO-3":[41],"instruments":[42,221],"use":[43],"nearly":[44],"500,000":[45],"record":[48],"high":[49],"resolution":[50],"spectra":[51,58],"three":[53],"infrared":[54],"wavelength":[55],"ranges.":[56],"These":[57,151],"are":[59,114,157,180,184],"analyzed":[60,181],"retrieve":[62],"estimates":[63,82],"column-average":[66],"carbon":[67],"dioxide":[68],"(XCO":[69],"2)":[70],"concentration":[71],"Earth\u2019s":[73],"atmosphere.":[74],"To":[75,132],"meet":[76],"mission":[77],"requirements,":[78],"these":[79,134],"XCO":[80,108],"2":[81,109],"must":[83],"have":[84],"accuracies":[85],"exceeding":[86],"0.25%,":[87],"small":[89],"uncertainties":[90],"bias":[93],"gain":[95],"even":[97],"one":[98],"detector":[99],"can":[101,216],"add":[102],"significant":[103],"error":[104],"retrieved":[107],"estimates.":[110],"Thus,":[111],"anomalous":[112],"identified":[115],"removed":[117],"from":[118],"data":[120,201],"stream":[121],"by":[122,203],"applying":[123],"a":[124,143,154,163,169,172,188],"map":[127,156],"prior":[128,155],"further":[130],"processing.":[131],"develop":[133],"maps,":[135],"we":[136],"first":[137],"characterize":[138],"each":[139,211],"pixel\u2019s":[140],"behavior":[141],"through":[142],"collection":[144],"interpretable":[146],"statistically":[148],"well-defined":[149],"metrics.":[150],"features":[152],"then":[158],"used":[159],"as":[160],"inputs":[161],"Random":[164],"Forest":[165],"classifier":[166],"assign":[168],"likelihood":[170],"given":[173],"is":[175],"bad.":[176],"Consequently,":[177],"likelihoods":[179],"thresholds":[183],"chosen":[185],"produce":[187],"new":[189,207],"map.":[192],"adopted":[197],"here":[198],"has":[199],"improved":[200],"quality":[202],"identifying":[204],"hundreds":[205],"detector.":[212],"Such":[213],"an":[214],"be":[217],"generalized":[218],"other":[220],"require":[223],"independent":[224],"calibration":[225],"many":[227],"individual":[228],"elements.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
