{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2993973379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232864","title":"Retrieval of Snow Depth over Arctic Sea Ice Using a Deep Neural Network","display_name":"Retrieval of Snow Depth over Arctic Sea Ice Using a Deep Neural Network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2993973379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232864","mag":"2993973379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11232864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232864","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/23/2864/pdf?version=1575618943","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/23/2864/pdf?version=1575618943","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103783929","display_name":"Jiping Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8338-8586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012567","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","ror":"https://ror.org/03swgqh13","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA","Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067996935","display_name":"Yuanyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7720-447X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136324864","display_name":"Polar Research Institute of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027fn9x30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136324864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012567","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","ror":"https://ror.org/03swgqh13","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Global Change and Earth System Science, and State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China","University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science, and State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136324864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068881246","display_name":"Xiao Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6910-6565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136324864","display_name":"Polar Research Institute of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027fn9x30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136324864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012567","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai)","ror":"https://ror.org/03swgqh13","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China","Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China","University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I4391012567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136324864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010249065","display_name":"Yongyun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4003-4630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongyun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067996935"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136324864","https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I4210166112","https://openalex.org/I4391012567"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.8662,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8519876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"23","first_page":"2864","last_page":"2864"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.809190034866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.6648725271224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic","display_name":"Arctic","score":0.608213484287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-ice-pack","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","score":0.5375513434410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.47621044516563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.42736825346946716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometer","display_name":"Radiometer","score":0.41613703966140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40389400720596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3900664448738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.17666104435920715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.07618054747581482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.809190034866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.6648725271224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.608213484287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161798024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","level":3,"score":0.5375513434410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.47621044516563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.42736825346946716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120189094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850281","display_name":"Radiometer","level":2,"score":0.41613703966140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40389400720596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3900664448738098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.17666104435920715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.07618054747581482}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11232864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232864","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/23/2864/pdf?version=1575618943","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/23/2864/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 23; Pages: 2864","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:noaa.stacks:noaa:58816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/58816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196172","display_name":"NOAA Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, 11(23), 2864","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11232864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232864","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/23/2864/pdf?version=1575618943","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1277418331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA15OAR4310163","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337557","funder_display_name":"Climate Program Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5888618519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41676185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337557","display_name":"Climate Program Office","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmmy130"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2993973379.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2993973379.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500293115","https://openalex.org/W1519949070","https://openalex.org/W1521627754","https://openalex.org/W1543965954","https://openalex.org/W1668662306","https://openalex.org/W1948827418","https://openalex.org/W1972586783","https://openalex.org/W1978524841","https://openalex.org/W1990660456","https://openalex.org/W2011806334","https://openalex.org/W2015309169","https://openalex.org/W2021775640","https://openalex.org/W2023510214","https://openalex.org/W2026675755","https://openalex.org/W2034387300","https://openalex.org/W2038766830","https://openalex.org/W2056294409","https://openalex.org/W2066660490","https://openalex.org/W2070904642","https://openalex.org/W2075818309","https://openalex.org/W2076148411","https://openalex.org/W2084496437","https://openalex.org/W2088755201","https://openalex.org/W2098136734","https://openalex.org/W2099872269","https://openalex.org/W2107733948","https://openalex.org/W2114794293","https://openalex.org/W2138132459","https://openalex.org/W2146319439","https://openalex.org/W2150065105","https://openalex.org/W2151177321","https://openalex.org/W2152116549","https://openalex.org/W2163321856","https://openalex.org/W2165474300","https://openalex.org/W2166252673","https://openalex.org/W2187330525","https://openalex.org/W2401911195","https://openalex.org/W2410376658","https://openalex.org/W2518520674","https://openalex.org/W2562602163","https://openalex.org/W2581710606","https://openalex.org/W2742178168","https://openalex.org/W2761305915","https://openalex.org/W2775989176","https://openalex.org/W2785432616","https://openalex.org/W2795251896","https://openalex.org/W2801931623","https://openalex.org/W2810400570","https://openalex.org/W2883098024","https://openalex.org/W2888461793","https://openalex.org/W2891577860","https://openalex.org/W2896610994","https://openalex.org/W2897516365","https://openalex.org/W2898584472","https://openalex.org/W2901685598","https://openalex.org/W2909282631","https://openalex.org/W2917631440","https://openalex.org/W2928894771","https://openalex.org/W3021192056","https://openalex.org/W4242609942","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6629847156","https://openalex.org/W6686985828","https://openalex.org/W6892229859","https://openalex.org/W6910878492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2872940795","https://openalex.org/W2902407688","https://openalex.org/W79015229","https://openalex.org/W336147707","https://openalex.org/W4235710270","https://openalex.org/W1485089148","https://openalex.org/W2141422941","https://openalex.org/W2245507316","https://openalex.org/W2034491774","https://openalex.org/W3048257052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97,186],"accurate":[1],"knowledge":[2],"of":[3,8,88,113,159],"spatial":[4],"and":[5,26,39,70,120,157,175],"temporal":[6],"variations":[7],"snow":[9,46,72,91,102,134,160,191],"depth":[10,47,73,92,103,135,161,192],"over":[11,48],"sea":[12,28,50,76,139,144],"ice":[13,29,51,77,140,145],"in":[14,105,111,162],"the":[15,22,83,86,89,100,109,133,151,155,163,170,181],"Arctic":[16,23,49,164],"basin":[17,165],"is":[18,93,104],"important":[19],"for":[20,44],"understanding":[21],"energy":[24],"budget":[25],"retrieving":[27,45],"thickness":[30],"from":[31,52,137],"satellite":[32],"altimetry.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"study,":[36],"we":[37],"develop":[38],"validate":[40],"a":[41],"new":[42],"method":[43],"brightness":[53],"temperatures":[54],"at":[55],"different":[56],"frequencies":[57],"measured":[58,74],"by":[59,75],"passive":[60],"microwave":[61],"radiometers.":[62],"We":[63],"construct":[64],"an":[65],"ensemble-based":[66,124,171],"deep":[67,125,172],"neural":[68,126,173],"network":[69,127,174],"use":[71],"mass":[78],"balance":[79],"buoys":[80],"to":[81,131,142],"train":[82],"network.":[84],"First,":[85],"accuracy":[87],"retrieved":[90],"validated":[94],"with":[95,108],"observations.":[96],"results":[98,187],"show":[99],"derived":[101],"good":[106],"agreement":[107],"observations,":[110],"terms":[112],"correlation,":[114],"bias,":[115],"root":[116],"mean":[117],"square":[118],"error,":[119],"probability":[121],"distribution.":[122],"Our":[123],"can":[128],"be":[129],"used":[130],"extend":[132],"retrieval":[136,168,193],"first-year":[138],"(FYI)":[141],"multi-year":[143],"(MYI),":[146],"as":[147,149],"well":[148],"during":[150],"melting":[152],"period.":[153],"Second,":[154],"consistency":[156],"discrepancy":[158],"between":[166],"our":[167,190],"using":[169,180],"two":[176],"other":[177],"available":[178],"retrievals":[179],"empirical":[182],"regression":[183],"are":[184],"examined.":[185],"suggest":[188],"that":[189],"outperforms":[194],"these":[195],"data":[196],"sets.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2019-12-13T00:00:00"}
