{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2989842854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232732","title":"Statistical Observation of Thunderstorm-Induced Ionospheric Gravity Waves above Low-Latitude Areas in the Northern Hemisphere","display_name":"Statistical Observation of Thunderstorm-Induced Ionospheric Gravity Waves above Low-Latitude Areas in the Northern Hemisphere","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2989842854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232732","mag":"2989842854"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11232732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232732","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/23/2732/pdf?version=1574938690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/23/2732/pdf?version=1574938690","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100735670","display_name":"Long Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2476-8420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329153","display_name":"Wu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1787-5191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025729846","display_name":"Mingli Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1746-0172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingli Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091703839","display_name":"Osei\u2010Poku Louis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-2254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osei-Poku Louis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100329153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.9399,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77565621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"23","first_page":"2732","last_page":"2732"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thunderstorm","display_name":"Thunderstorm","score":0.9395102262496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.7444323301315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daytime","display_name":"Daytime","score":0.5519143342971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latitude","display_name":"Latitude","score":0.5337809920310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.4866367280483246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4374925494194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.43343406915664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.42161065340042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.37592706084251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.22114944458007812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.1718544363975525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.16282778978347778}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80316258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2857578","display_name":"Thunderstorm","level":2,"score":0.9395102262496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.7444323301315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162725370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52643","display_name":"Daytime","level":2,"score":0.5519143342971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.5337809920310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.4866367280483246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4374925494194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.43343406915664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.42161065340042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.37592706084251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22114944458007812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.1718544363975525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.16282778978347778}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11232732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232732","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/23/2732/pdf?version=1574938690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/88632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/88632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fc288435b4cf4efcbfa41eaff7757ff1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fc288435b4cf4efcbfa41eaff7757ff1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 23, p 2732 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/23/2732/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 23; Pages: 2732","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11232732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232732","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/23/2732/pdf?version=1574938690","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1036513983","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017A030310242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1477544716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guangdong","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4070586813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0501803","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5310845301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41804021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6968067436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017A03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8114646031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016Y","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G81559962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"180402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2989842854.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2989842854.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497549345","https://openalex.org/W1554484379","https://openalex.org/W1584943701","https://openalex.org/W1591032079","https://openalex.org/W1600961520","https://openalex.org/W1845325077","https://openalex.org/W1908143665","https://openalex.org/W1938002304","https://openalex.org/W1991471020","https://openalex.org/W2005267794","https://openalex.org/W2010238644","https://openalex.org/W2014330103","https://openalex.org/W2033306738","https://openalex.org/W2057015749","https://openalex.org/W2067131025","https://openalex.org/W2079797247","https://openalex.org/W2083771735","https://openalex.org/W2087253759","https://openalex.org/W2089737166","https://openalex.org/W2101607837","https://openalex.org/W2168202009","https://openalex.org/W2170149004","https://openalex.org/W2170601857","https://openalex.org/W2518858307","https://openalex.org/W2582285548","https://openalex.org/W2605613137","https://openalex.org/W2746543803","https://openalex.org/W2778268522","https://openalex.org/W2809592788","https://openalex.org/W2834778468","https://openalex.org/W2887692838","https://openalex.org/W2962915460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4405193157","https://openalex.org/W2072650855","https://openalex.org/W3108670580","https://openalex.org/W1980019632","https://openalex.org/W4402468432","https://openalex.org/W2366024215","https://openalex.org/W2125421241","https://openalex.org/W3136780051","https://openalex.org/W2556151303","https://openalex.org/W1979915631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gravity":[0],"waves":[1],"(GWs)":[2],"generated":[3],"in":[4,44,178],"the":[5,19,45,89],"lower":[6],"atmosphere":[7],"can":[8,159],"propagate":[9],"upwards":[10],"to":[11,57,82,88,154],"ionospheric":[12,22,70,96,130,144,163],"height.":[13],"In":[14],"this":[15],"study,":[16],"we":[17],"investigated":[18],"correlation":[20,153],"between":[21],"GWs":[23,60,164],"detected":[24,62],"by":[25,39,124],"Global":[26],"Navigation":[27],"Satellite":[28],"System":[29],"(GNSS)-derived":[30],"total":[31],"electron":[32],"content":[33],"data":[34],"and":[35,66,108,170],"thunderstorm":[36,65,83,136,148],"events":[37],"recorded":[38],"a":[40,52,77,111,151],"local":[41],"lightning-detection":[42],"network":[43],"low-latitude":[46,179],"region":[47],"of":[48,110,116,129,167,175],"Southern":[49],"China":[50],"during":[51],"four-year":[53],"period,":[54],"from":[55,165],"2014":[56],"2017.":[58],"Ionospheric":[59],"were":[61],"on":[63,73,92,99,135,140,147],"both":[64],"non-thunderstorm":[67,93,125,141,168],"days.":[68,94,142],"Daytime":[69,95],"GW":[71,97,131,145],"activity":[72,98,132,146],"high-thunderstorm":[74,117],"days":[75,101,137,149],"showed":[76,102,150],"similar":[78],"convex-function-like":[79],"diurnal":[80],"variation":[81],"activity,":[84],"which":[85],"is":[86],"different":[87],"concave-function-like":[90],"pattern":[91],"low-thunderstorm":[100],"an":[103],"approximately":[104],"linear":[105],"rising":[106],"trend":[107],"was":[109,133],"larger":[112],"magnitude":[113],"than":[114],"that":[115],"days,":[118],"suggesting":[119],"it":[120],"may":[121],"be":[122],"mixed":[123],"origins.":[126],"Night-time":[127],"enhancement":[128],"observed":[134],"but":[138],"not":[139],"Furthermore,":[143],"positive":[152],"solar":[155],"activity.":[156],"These":[157],"findings":[158],"effectively":[160],"distinguish":[161],"thunderstorm-related":[162],"those":[166],"origins":[169],"provide":[171],"more":[172],"comprehensive":[173],"knowledge":[174],"thunderstorm\u2013ionosphere":[176],"coupling":[177],"areas.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}