{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979415579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202346","title":"Adjusting Emergent Herbaceous Wetland Elevation with Object-Based Image Analysis, Random Forest and the 2016 NLCD","display_name":"Adjusting Emergent Herbaceous Wetland Elevation with Object-Based Image Analysis, Random Forest and the 2016 NLCD","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979415579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202346","mag":"2979415579"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11202346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202346","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/20/2346/pdf?version=1571193786","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/20/2346/pdf?version=1571193786","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015159579","display_name":"David F. Mu\u00f1oz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6032-1082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Mu\u00f1oz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041338994","display_name":"Jordan R. Cissell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7590-0295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordan Cissell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085701082","display_name":"Hamed Moftakhari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-8653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Moftakhari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Complex Hydrosystems Research, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA","Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Complex Hydrosystems Research, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015159579"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.9461,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90935194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"20","first_page":"2346","last_page":"2346"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10779","display_name":"Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.7562255263328552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.712997555732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salt-marsh","display_name":"Salt marsh","score":0.7059743404388428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.672771692276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6147879362106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estuary","display_name":"Estuary","score":0.5570003986358643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marsh","display_name":"Marsh","score":0.5542572140693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.515712559223175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shore","display_name":"Shore","score":0.5059546828269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.4457533657550812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.43918660283088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4004269540309906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24353507161140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.19634434580802917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.1443212628364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.12906178832054138}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.7562255263328552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.712997555732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87441765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29925","display_name":"Salt marsh","level":2,"score":0.7059743404388428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.672771692276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6147879362106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88160329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47053","display_name":"Estuary","level":2,"score":0.5570003986358643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67268981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30198","display_name":"Marsh","level":3,"score":0.5542572140693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.515712559223175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152382732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468756","display_name":"Shore","level":2,"score":0.5059546828269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.4457533657550812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.43918660283088684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4004269540309906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24353507161140442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.19634434580802917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.1443212628364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.12906178832054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11202346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202346","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/20/2346/pdf?version=1571193786","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:77d28a388fa84240b198d31149e1502a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/77d28a388fa84240b198d31149e1502a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 20, p 2346 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/20/2346/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 20; Pages: 2346","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11202346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11202346","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/20/2346/pdf?version=1571193786","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5942348895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1856054","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312852","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979415579.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979415579.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W110834442","https://openalex.org/W580456894","https://openalex.org/W1482585570","https://openalex.org/W1551604414","https://openalex.org/W1945849696","https://openalex.org/W1984401345","https://openalex.org/W1989210729","https://openalex.org/W1996777760","https://openalex.org/W2004553299","https://openalex.org/W2006916357","https://openalex.org/W2013241953","https://openalex.org/W2021047319","https://openalex.org/W2035242020","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2046113982","https://openalex.org/W2047096395","https://openalex.org/W2053885782","https://openalex.org/W2085447740","https://openalex.org/W2086717801","https://openalex.org/W2103941734","https://openalex.org/W2107409402","https://openalex.org/W2113969896","https://openalex.org/W2147982592","https://openalex.org/W2152334070","https://openalex.org/W2168551330","https://openalex.org/W2339167114","https://openalex.org/W2406440244","https://openalex.org/W2531165281","https://openalex.org/W2531168480","https://openalex.org/W2566146145","https://openalex.org/W2587456632","https://openalex.org/W2595044712","https://openalex.org/W2600033982","https://openalex.org/W2619820913","https://openalex.org/W2648242067","https://openalex.org/W2732720900","https://openalex.org/W2746485780","https://openalex.org/W2755013453","https://openalex.org/W2766446331","https://openalex.org/W2767639551","https://openalex.org/W2771952776","https://openalex.org/W2776146695","https://openalex.org/W2790063226","https://openalex.org/W2793382938","https://openalex.org/W2794652202","https://openalex.org/W2795299354","https://openalex.org/W2795353886","https://openalex.org/W2797928606","https://openalex.org/W2810128213","https://openalex.org/W2891721681","https://openalex.org/W2895832000","https://openalex.org/W2898511323","https://openalex.org/W2899564979","https://openalex.org/W2902968794","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2921333384","https://openalex.org/W2944384647","https://openalex.org/W2950314938","https://openalex.org/W2969375592","https://openalex.org/W3099802519","https://openalex.org/W3122084549","https://openalex.org/W4248326791","https://openalex.org/W4301913431","https://openalex.org/W6684793446","https://openalex.org/W6750415941","https://openalex.org/W6752777038"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2025846717","https://openalex.org/W4321490631","https://openalex.org/W1995875197","https://openalex.org/W1529817902","https://openalex.org/W1990285163","https://openalex.org/W42647753","https://openalex.org/W4379058339","https://openalex.org/W200481983","https://openalex.org/W2805946479","https://openalex.org/W4390472486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emergent":[0],"herbaceous":[1,95],"wetlands":[2,96,140,179],"are":[3,38,174,233],"characterized":[4],"by":[5],"complex":[6],"salt":[7,77,114,204,226,244],"marsh":[8,115,205,227,245],"ecosystems":[9,37],"that":[10],"play":[11],"a":[12,50,89,154,162,198],"key":[13],"role":[14],"in":[15,57,68,75,101,118,141,184,200,251,266,278],"diverse":[16],"coastal":[17,58],"processes":[18],"including":[19],"carbon":[20],"storage,":[21],"nutrient":[22],"cycling,":[23],"flood":[24,275],"attenuation":[25],"and":[26,32,55,111,126,148,160,180,191,231,240,268],"shoreline":[27],"protection.":[28],"Surface":[29],"elevation":[30,72,116,206,223,238,246],"characterization":[31],"spatiotemporal":[33],"distribution":[34],"of":[35,53,70,157],"these":[36],"commonly":[39],"obtained":[40],"from":[41],"LiDAR":[42,60],"measurements":[43],"as":[44],"this":[45,85,210],"low-cost":[46],"airborne":[47],"technique":[48,129],"has":[49],"wide":[51],"range":[52],"applicability":[54],"usefulness":[56],"environments.":[59],"techniques,":[61],"despite":[62],"significant":[63],"advantages,":[64],"show":[65],"poor":[66],"performance":[67],"generation":[69],"digital":[71],"models":[73],"(DEMs)":[74],"tidal":[76],"marshes":[78],"due":[79],"to":[80,91,108,135,176,202,213,248,262],"large":[81],"vertical":[82],"errors.":[83],"In":[84],"study,":[86],"we":[87,173],"present":[88],"methodology":[90],"(i)":[92],"update":[93],"emergent":[94,138],"(i.e.,":[97],"the":[98,102,221,252],"ones":[99],"delineated":[100],"2016":[103],"National":[104],"Land":[105],"Cover":[106],"Database)":[107],"present-day":[109],"conditions;":[110],"(ii)":[112],"automate":[113,203],"correction":[117,224],"estuarine":[119,279],"systems.":[120,280],"We":[121,195,208],"integrate":[122],"object-based":[123],"image":[124],"analysis":[125],"random":[127,158],"forest":[128,159],"with":[130,165,220,235],"surface":[131],"reflectance":[132],"Landsat":[133],"imagery":[134],"map":[136,178],"three":[137,166],"U.S.":[139],"Weeks":[142,185],"Bay,":[143],"Alabama,":[144],"Savannah":[145,188],"Estuary,":[146],"Georgia":[147],"Fire":[149,192],"Island,":[150],"New":[151],"York.":[152],"Conducting":[153],"hyperparameter":[155],"tuning":[156],"following":[161],"hierarchical":[163],"approach":[164],"nomenclature":[167],"levels":[168],"for":[169,274],"land":[170],"cover":[171],"classification,":[172],"able":[175],"better":[177],"improve":[181],"overall":[182],"accuracies":[183],"Bay":[186],"(0.91),":[187],"Estuary":[189],"(0.97)":[190],"Island":[193],"(0.95).":[194],"then":[196],"develop":[197],"tool":[199,212,232,257],"ArcGIS":[201],"correction.":[207],"use":[209],"\u2018DEM-correction\u2019":[211],"modify":[214],"an":[215],"existing":[216],"DEM":[217],"(model":[218],"input)":[219],"calculated":[222],"over":[225],"regions.":[228],"Our":[229],"method":[230],"validated":[234],"real-time":[236],"kinematic":[237],"data":[239],"helps":[241],"correct":[242],"overestimated":[243],"up":[247],"0.50":[249],"m":[250],"studied":[253],"estuaries.":[254],"The":[255],"proposed":[256],"can":[258],"be":[259],"easily":[260],"adapted":[261],"different":[263],"vegetation":[264],"species":[265],"wetlands,":[267],"thus":[269],"help":[270],"provide":[271],"accurate":[272],"DEMs":[273],"inundation":[276],"mapping":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2019-10-18T00:00:00"}
