{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2973851319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182155","title":"Orientation- and Scale-Invariant Multi-Vehicle Detection and Tracking from Unmanned Aerial Videos","display_name":"Orientation- and Scale-Invariant Multi-Vehicle Detection and Tracking from Unmanned Aerial Videos","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2973851319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182155","mag":"2973851319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11182155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/18/2155/pdf?version=1568630448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/18/2155/pdf?version=1568630448","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074457014","display_name":"J. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074616493","display_name":"Sandra Simeonova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5089-6154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Simeonova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018388512","display_name":"Mozhdeh Shahbazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7371-5635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mozhdeh Shahbazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018388512"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7361,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88175585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"18","first_page":"2155","last_page":"2155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7743168473243713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7715424299240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7667026519775391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-tracking-system","display_name":"Vehicle tracking system","score":0.6724468469619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.4905223250389099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.4860728085041046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-tracking","display_name":"Video tracking","score":0.48002663254737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4732780158519745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4640587568283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-processing","display_name":"Video processing","score":0.21595293283462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.18237587809562683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7743168473243713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7715424299240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7667026519775391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84119951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3498530","display_name":"Vehicle tracking system","level":3,"score":0.6724468469619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.4905223250389099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.4860728085041046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202474056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931635","display_name":"Video tracking","level":3,"score":0.48002663254737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4732780158519745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4640587568283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65483669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536669","display_name":"Video processing","level":2,"score":0.21595293283462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.18237587809562683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11182155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/18/2155/pdf?version=1568630448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c882567b72e4471c8813b274406d788d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c882567b72e4471c8813b274406d788d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 18, p 2155 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/18/2155/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 18; Pages: 2155","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11182155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/18/2155/pdf?version=1568630448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973851319.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2973851319.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25800576","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1575060531","https://openalex.org/W1967878059","https://openalex.org/W2027165049","https://openalex.org/W2036079818","https://openalex.org/W2036785686","https://openalex.org/W2054165040","https://openalex.org/W2066268896","https://openalex.org/W2066916495","https://openalex.org/W2082040758","https://openalex.org/W2091206906","https://openalex.org/W2091224289","https://openalex.org/W2091936225","https://openalex.org/W2124781496","https://openalex.org/W2126101691","https://openalex.org/W2132744778","https://openalex.org/W2134576786","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2165065922","https://openalex.org/W2169109920","https://openalex.org/W2209193152","https://openalex.org/W2225887246","https://openalex.org/W2237765446","https://openalex.org/W2251608823","https://openalex.org/W2252355370","https://openalex.org/W2398263094","https://openalex.org/W2401150670","https://openalex.org/W2418256651","https://openalex.org/W2470322391","https://openalex.org/W2490270993","https://openalex.org/W2510352715","https://openalex.org/W2511791013","https://openalex.org/W2512434173","https://openalex.org/W2517499003","https://openalex.org/W2557728737","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2576886744","https://openalex.org/W2583491955","https://openalex.org/W2587248218","https://openalex.org/W2587548043","https://openalex.org/W2597364644","https://openalex.org/W2603203130","https://openalex.org/W2615547864","https://openalex.org/W2734501611","https://openalex.org/W2756012011","https://openalex.org/W2765877758","https://openalex.org/W2795812085","https://openalex.org/W2801584704","https://openalex.org/W2809387201","https://openalex.org/W2809966959","https://openalex.org/W2883094537","https://openalex.org/W2889237755","https://openalex.org/W2889919544","https://openalex.org/W2891209073","https://openalex.org/W2893929991","https://openalex.org/W2894030891","https://openalex.org/W2902306794","https://openalex.org/W2943646482","https://openalex.org/W2944848755","https://openalex.org/W2944937618","https://openalex.org/W2950418233","https://openalex.org/W2950703532","https://openalex.org/W2953622767","https://openalex.org/W2962777203","https://openalex.org/W2962854645","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963200533","https://openalex.org/W2963242746","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963456480","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2964207024","https://openalex.org/W3098744844","https://openalex.org/W3104218139","https://openalex.org/W3114753236","https://openalex.org/W4213147678","https://openalex.org/W4248939017","https://openalex.org/W6659849045","https://openalex.org/W6744512237"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580685205","https://openalex.org/W2760382975","https://openalex.org/W3191856393","https://openalex.org/W2349716249","https://openalex.org/W1463864201","https://openalex.org/W2143286369","https://openalex.org/W2965594636","https://openalex.org/W2164674712","https://openalex.org/W2033228996","https://openalex.org/W2994507026"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Along":[0],"with":[1,166,172,224,236],"the":[2,43,97,231,250,253],"advancement":[3],"of":[4,153,212,228,243,252,266],"light-weight":[5],"sensing":[6],"and":[7,23,52,70,93,137,179,187],"processing":[8],"technologies,":[9],"unmanned":[10],"aerial":[11],"vehicles":[12,173],"(UAVs)":[13],"have":[14],"recently":[15],"become":[16],"popular":[17],"platforms":[18],"for":[19,67,75,134,142],"intelligent":[20],"traffic":[21,44,77,118],"monitoring":[22,76],"control.":[24],"UAV-mounted":[25],"cameras":[26],"can":[27],"capture":[28],"traffic-flow":[29],"videos":[30,74,155,211],"from":[31,46,72,188],"various":[32,160,189],"perspectives":[33],"providing":[34],"a":[35,50,64,106,125,151,264],"comprehensive":[36],"insight":[37],"into":[38],"road":[39,81],"conditions.":[40],"To":[41],"analyze":[42],"flow":[45,78],"remotely":[47],"captured":[48],"videos,":[49],"reliable":[51],"accurate":[53],"vehicle":[54,68,135,168,183],"detection-and-tracking":[55],"approach":[56,84,201,247],"is":[57,85,102,122,140,148],"required.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"we":[62],"propose":[63],"deep-learning":[65],"framework":[66],"detection":[69,100,219],"tracking":[71,121,232,240,257],"UAV":[73],"in":[79,96,163,170,255,263],"complex":[80],"structures.":[82],"This":[83],"designed":[86],"to":[87,90],"be":[88,222],"invariant":[89],"significant":[91],"orientation":[92],"scale":[94],"variations":[95],"videos.":[98],"The":[99,145,198,245],"procedure":[101],"performed":[103],"by":[104,157],"fine-tuning":[105],"state-of-the-art":[107,254],"object":[108],"detector,":[109],"You":[110],"Only":[111],"Look":[112],"Once":[113],"(YOLOv3),":[114],"using":[115],"several":[116],"custom-labeled":[117],"datasets.":[119],"Vehicle":[120],"conducted":[123],"following":[124],"tracking-by-detection":[126,200],"paradigm,":[127],"where":[128,182,191],"deep":[129],"appearance":[130,193],"features":[131],"are":[132],"used":[133,141],"re-identification,":[136],"Kalman":[138],"filtering":[139],"motion":[143],"estimation.":[144],"proposed":[146,199,246],"methodology":[147],"tested":[149],"on":[150,209],"variety":[152],"real":[154],"collected":[156],"UAVs":[158],"under":[159],"conditions,":[161],"e.g.,":[162],"late":[164],"afternoons":[165],"long":[167],"shadows,":[169],"dawn":[171],"lights":[174],"being":[175],"on,":[176],"over":[177,271],"roundabouts":[178],"interchange":[180],"roads":[181],"directions":[184],"change":[185],"considerably,":[186],"viewpoints":[190],"vehicles\u2019":[192],"undergo":[194],"substantial":[195],"perspective":[196],"distortions.":[197],"performs":[202,234],"efficiently":[203],"at":[204],"11":[205],"frames":[206],"per":[207],"second":[208],"color":[210],"2720p":[213],"resolution.":[214],"Experiments":[215],"demonstrated":[216],"that":[217],"high":[218],"accuracy":[220,241],"could":[221],"achieved":[223],"an":[225,237],"average":[226,238],"F1-score":[227],"92.1%.":[229],"Besides,":[230],"technique":[233],"accurately,":[235],"multiple-object":[239],"(MOTA)":[242],"81.3%.":[244],"also":[248],"addressed":[249],"shortcomings":[251],"multi-object":[256],"regarding":[258],"frequent":[259],"identity":[260,269],"switching,":[261],"resulting":[262],"total":[265],"only":[267],"one":[268],"switch":[270],"every":[272],"305":[273],"tracked":[274],"vehicles.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-20T07:46:08.049788","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}