{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2953602496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182074","title":"AdTree: Accurate, Detailed, and Automatic Modelling of Laser-Scanned Trees","display_name":"AdTree: Accurate, Detailed, and Automatic Modelling of Laser-Scanned Trees","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2953602496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182074","mag":"2953602496"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11182074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/18/2074/pdf?version=1568802606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/18/2074/pdf?version=1568802606","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029837115","display_name":"Shenglan Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenglan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["3D Geoinformation Research Group, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3D Geoinformation Research Group, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059928575","display_name":"Roderik Lindenbergh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-5266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roderik Lindenbergh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047673695","display_name":"Hugo Ledoux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1251-8654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugo Ledoux","raw_affiliation_strings":["3D Geoinformation Research Group, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1251-8654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3D Geoinformation Research Group, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012278795","display_name":"Jantien Stoter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-7279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jantien Stoter","raw_affiliation_strings":["3D Geoinformation Research Group, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1393-7279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3D Geoinformation Research Group, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027616562","display_name":"Liangliang Nan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-9975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liangliang Nan","raw_affiliation_strings":["3D Geoinformation Research Group, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3D Geoinformation Research Group, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027616562"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.4118,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":144,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97397733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"18","first_page":"2074","last_page":"2074"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7326329350471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7181384563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6530691981315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5653842687606812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.5106726288795471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5020556449890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dijkstras-algorithm","display_name":"Dijkstra's algorithm","score":0.4839506447315216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.44852158427238464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-structure","display_name":"Tree structure","score":0.41592690348625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3829375207424164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shortest-path-problem","display_name":"Shortest path problem","score":0.34558242559432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32895541191101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.23183172941207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19817811250686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.1943913996219635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.11774268746376038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-tree","display_name":"Binary tree","score":0.112712562084198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7326329350471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7181384563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6530691981315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5653842687606812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.5106726288795471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5020556449890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173870130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8548","display_name":"Dijkstra's algorithm","level":4,"score":0.4839506447315216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.44852158427238464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.41592690348625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3829375207424164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22590252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058754","display_name":"Shortest path problem","level":3,"score":0.34558242559432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32895541191101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.23183172941207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19817811250686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.1943913996219635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.11774268746376038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197855036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380172","display_name":"Binary tree","level":2,"score":0.112712562084198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11182074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/18/2074/pdf?version=1568802606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:1b552e49-8f7a-4ea5-8b61-4af4f8cd2db0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1b552e49-8f7a-4ea5-8b61-4af4f8cd2db0","pdf_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:1b552e49-8f7a-4ea5-8b61-4af4f8cd2db0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2c1d52d7252241aa916ebdcfbf75a77f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2c1d52d7252241aa916ebdcfbf75a77f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 18, p 2074 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/18/2074/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 18; Pages: 2074","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11182074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182074","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/18/2074/pdf?version=1568802606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2953602496.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2953602496.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964396779","https://openalex.org/W1967688818","https://openalex.org/W1970991873","https://openalex.org/W1977572223","https://openalex.org/W1990503995","https://openalex.org/W2009081260","https://openalex.org/W2022686119","https://openalex.org/W2042891401","https://openalex.org/W2046469573","https://openalex.org/W2054927102","https://openalex.org/W2086970743","https://openalex.org/W2087070363","https://openalex.org/W2088922279","https://openalex.org/W2099962227","https://openalex.org/W2109279950","https://openalex.org/W2113748593","https://openalex.org/W2120132970","https://openalex.org/W2135844327","https://openalex.org/W2146974384","https://openalex.org/W2152280278","https://openalex.org/W2161746820","https://openalex.org/W2164764562","https://openalex.org/W2166051912","https://openalex.org/W2175890440","https://openalex.org/W2238680046","https://openalex.org/W2280788228","https://openalex.org/W2495260571","https://openalex.org/W2558383552","https://openalex.org/W2892230984","https://openalex.org/W2897133411","https://openalex.org/W2913475014","https://openalex.org/W2913638934","https://openalex.org/W6635088054","https://openalex.org/W6644610165","https://openalex.org/W6674917368","https://openalex.org/W6678087967","https://openalex.org/W6723146324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088131065","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W2001220299","https://openalex.org/W3209137076","https://openalex.org/W4323518558","https://openalex.org/W2374560440","https://openalex.org/W3196715007","https://openalex.org/W2366440988","https://openalex.org/W4399030596","https://openalex.org/W2358582870"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Laser":[0],"scanning":[1,30],"is":[2,104,116,165,195],"an":[3,79,113],"effective":[4],"tool":[5],"for":[6,19],"acquiring":[7],"geometric":[8],"attributes":[9],"of":[10,122,128,136,147,182,192],"trees":[11,137],"and":[12,49,66,145,161],"vegetation,":[13],"which":[14],"lays":[15],"a":[16,61,90,120],"solid":[17],"foundation":[18],"3-dimensional":[20],"tree":[21,26,71,81,93,102,130,172,183],"modelling.":[22],"Existing":[23],"studies":[24],"on":[25,53,133],"modelling":[27,40],"from":[28,73,83,138],"laser":[29,74],"data":[31,140],"are":[32,46],"vast.":[33],"However,":[34],"some":[35,43],"works":[36,45],"cannot":[37],"guarantee":[38],"sufficient":[39],"accuracy,":[41],"while":[42],"other":[44],"mainly":[47],"rule-based":[48],"therefore":[50],"highly":[51],"depend":[52],"user":[54],"inputs.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57,193],"paper,":[58],"we":[59],"propose":[60],"novel":[62],"method":[63],"to":[64,118,124],"accurately":[65],"automatically":[67],"reconstruct":[68],"detailed":[69],"3D":[70],"models":[72,173],"scans.":[75],"We":[76],"first":[77],"extract":[78],"initial":[80,101],"skeleton":[82,103],"the":[84,95,100,126,129,143,155,158,162,179],"input":[85,159],"point":[86],"cloud":[87],"by":[88,106],"establishing":[89],"minimum":[91],"spanning":[92],"using":[94],"Dijkstra":[96],"shortest-path":[97],"algorithm.":[98],"Then,":[99],"pruned":[105],"iteratively":[107],"removing":[108],"redundant":[109],"components.":[110],"After":[111],"that,":[112],"optimization-based":[114],"approach":[115],"performed":[117],"fit":[119],"sequence":[121],"cylinders":[123],"approximate":[125],"geometry":[127],"branches.":[131],"Experiments":[132],"various":[134],"types":[135],"different":[139],"sources":[141],"demonstrate":[142],"effectiveness":[144],"robustness":[146],"our":[148],"method.":[149],"The":[150,170,189],"overall":[151],"fitting":[152],"error":[153],"(i.e.,":[154],"distance":[156],"between":[157],"points":[160],"output":[163],"model)":[164],"less":[166],"than":[167],"10":[168],"cm.":[169],"reconstructed":[171],"can":[174],"be":[175],"further":[176],"applied":[177],"in":[178],"precise":[180],"estimation":[181],"attributes,":[184],"urban":[185],"landscape":[186],"visualization,":[187],"etc.":[188],"source":[190],"code":[191],"work":[194],"freely":[196],"available":[197],"at":[198],"https://github.com/tudelft3d/adtree.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2019-07-12T00:00:00"}
