{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971486651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172058","title":"Detection of Small Target Using Schatten 1/2 Quasi-Norm Regularization with Reweighted Sparse Enhancement in Complex Infrared Scenes","display_name":"Detection of Small Target Using Schatten 1/2 Quasi-Norm Regularization with Reweighted Sparse Enhancement in Complex Infrared Scenes","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971486651","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172058","mag":"2971486651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11172058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172058","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/17/2058/pdf?version=1567412904","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/17/2058/pdf?version=1567412904","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029080840","display_name":"Fei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8566-6968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101615579","display_name":"Yiquan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8591-1289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiquan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101658016","display_name":"Yimian Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-2489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimian Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396024","display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-6365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-6365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101615579"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":33.2449,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9926373,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"17","first_page":"2058","last_page":"2058"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5958425998687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5739442706108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-lagrangian-method","display_name":"Augmented Lagrangian method","score":0.48744824528694153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47227606177330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46526339650154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-norm","display_name":"Matrix norm","score":0.4493447244167328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressed-sensing","display_name":"Compressed sensing","score":0.42297080159187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.4182455241680145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4001932144165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3311767578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.32926470041275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eigenvalues-and-eigenvectors","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","score":0.17309892177581787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5958425998687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5739442706108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150452318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4820432","display_name":"Augmented Lagrangian method","level":2,"score":0.48744824528694153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47227606177330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46526339650154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92207270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939253","display_name":"Matrix norm","level":3,"score":0.4493447244167328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124851039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665459","display_name":"Compressed sensing","level":2,"score":0.42297080159187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4182455241680145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4001932144165039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3311767578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32926470041275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.17309892177581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11172058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172058","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/17/2058/pdf?version=1567412904","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d54f03eb5913419e81b7b000b1f6784a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d54f03eb5913419e81b7b000b1f6784a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 17, p 2058 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/17/2058/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11172058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 17; Pages: 2058","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11172058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172058","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/17/2058/pdf?version=1567412904","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2744459430","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4695680925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6634273438","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573183; 61801211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8397543063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201900029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326873","funder_display_name":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326873","display_name":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971486651.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2971486651.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W195665135","https://openalex.org/W1482071412","https://openalex.org/W1969698720","https://openalex.org/W1976709621","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1983680350","https://openalex.org/W1984550953","https://openalex.org/W1986080131","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2009702064","https://openalex.org/W2037964547","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2041888557","https://openalex.org/W2051185466","https://openalex.org/W2056201402","https://openalex.org/W2058928435","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2107861471","https://openalex.org/W2108165393","https://openalex.org/W2110255454","https://openalex.org/W2115706991","https://openalex.org/W2120544328","https://openalex.org/W2129500293","https://openalex.org/W2131628350","https://openalex.org/W2233950369","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2344310038","https://openalex.org/W2344666353","https://openalex.org/W2346388536","https://openalex.org/W2371671679","https://openalex.org/W2407220925","https://openalex.org/W2476118598","https://openalex.org/W2476585853","https://openalex.org/W2540854551","https://openalex.org/W2578504242","https://openalex.org/W2588370006","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2727626132","https://openalex.org/W2741058951","https://openalex.org/W2757784493","https://openalex.org/W2767218132","https://openalex.org/W2770868881","https://openalex.org/W2782405382","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2790555938","https://openalex.org/W2792463169","https://openalex.org/W2888838050","https://openalex.org/W2900678331","https://openalex.org/W2904893761","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2921709033","https://openalex.org/W2942839421","https://openalex.org/W2945271414","https://openalex.org/W4292363360","https://openalex.org/W6679973066","https://openalex.org/W6728667057","https://openalex.org/W6733606151","https://openalex.org/W6747704076","https://openalex.org/W6749281730","https://openalex.org/W6762364346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015060724","https://openalex.org/W2158224665","https://openalex.org/W2919324478","https://openalex.org/W2379589510","https://openalex.org/W2810730439","https://openalex.org/W4300044672","https://openalex.org/W2562805810","https://openalex.org/W2330046496","https://openalex.org/W3174042135","https://openalex.org/W2079558799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,40],"uniform":[1],"infrared":[2,47,175],"scenes":[3],"with":[4,104,137,188],"single":[5],"sparse":[6,24,65,109,138],"high-contrast":[7],"small":[8,12,49,123],"targets,":[9],"most":[10],"existing":[11],"target":[13,50,124,195],"detection":[14,51,125],"algorithms":[15],"perform":[16],"well.":[17],"However,":[18],"when":[19],"encountering":[20],"multiple":[21],"and/or":[22],"structurally":[23],"targets":[25],"in":[26,114,153],"complex":[27],"backgrounds,":[28],"these":[29],"methods":[30],"potentially":[31],"lead":[32],"to":[33,69,74,92,190],"high":[34],"missing":[35],"and":[36,45,63,194],"false":[37],"alarm":[38],"rate.":[39],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"a":[43,71,80,100,130],"novel":[44],"robust":[46],"single-frame":[48],"is":[52,90,112,127],"proposed":[53,183],"via":[54],"an":[55],"effective":[56],"integration":[57],"of":[58,132,148,181],"Schatten":[59,86],"1/2":[60,87],"quasi-norm":[61,88],"regularization":[62],"reweighted":[64,101],"enhancement":[66,110],"(RS1/2NIPI).":[67],"Initially,":[68],"achieve":[70],"tighter":[72],"approximation":[73],"the":[75,94,122,145,155,164,179,182,186],"original":[76],"low-rank":[77,82,134],"regularized":[78],"assumption,":[79],"nonconvex":[81,133],"regularizer":[83],"termed":[84],"as":[85,108,129],"(S1/2N)":[89],"utilized":[91],"replace":[93],"traditional":[95],"convex-relaxed":[96],"nuclear":[97],"norm.":[98],"Then,":[99],"l1":[102],"norm":[103],"adaptive":[105],"penalty":[106],"serving":[107],"strategy":[111],"employed":[113],"our":[115],"model":[116,142],"for":[117],"suppressing":[118],"non-target":[119],"residuals.":[120],"Finally,":[121],"task":[126],"reformulated":[128],"problem":[131],"matrix":[135],"recovery":[136],"reweighting.":[139],"The":[140],"resulted":[141],"falls":[143],"into":[144],"workable":[146],"scope":[147],"inexact":[149],"augment":[150],"Lagrangian":[151],"algorithm,":[152],"which":[154],"S1/2N":[156],"minimization":[157],"subproblem":[158],"can":[159],"be":[160],"efficiently":[161],"solved":[162],"by":[163],"designed":[165],"softening":[166],"half-thresholding":[167],"operator.":[168],"Extensive":[169],"experimental":[170],"results":[171],"on":[172],"several":[173],"real":[174],"scene":[176],"datasets":[177],"validate":[178],"superiority":[180],"method":[184],"over":[185],"state-of-the-arts":[187],"respect":[189],"background":[191],"interference":[192],"suppression":[193],"extraction.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2019-09-12T00:00:00"}