{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2970276441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172036","title":"Brightness Temperature Sensitivity to Whitecap Fraction at Millimeter Wavelengths","display_name":"Brightness Temperature Sensitivity to Whitecap Fraction at Millimeter Wavelengths","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2970276441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172036","mag":"2970276441"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11172036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/17/2036/pdf?version=1567071926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/17/2036/pdf?version=1567071926","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068561832","display_name":"M. Bettenhausen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-0999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael H. Bettenhausen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014987714","display_name":"Magdalena D. Anguelova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5548-0836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magdalena D. Anguelova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068561832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.7687,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73547388,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"17","first_page":"2036","last_page":"2036"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6725571155548096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness-temperature","display_name":"Brightness temperature","score":0.6091824769973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5347354412078857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.4874463379383087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.4868828356266022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter","display_name":"Millimeter","score":0.4705800414085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4556889235973358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.437677264213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.42810848355293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4150451719760895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3524795174598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23290541768074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.18990033864974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1648600697517395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6725571155548096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53802167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4538627","display_name":"Brightness temperature","level":3,"score":0.6091824769973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5347354412078857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.4874463379383087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.4868828356266022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109792285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174789","display_name":"Millimeter","level":2,"score":0.4705800414085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4556889235973358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.437677264213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.42810848355293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4150451719760895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3524795174598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23290541768074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.18990033864974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1648600697517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11172036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/17/2036/pdf?version=1567071926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c1ed387d43c542f8bf02e28e888bbbe1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c1ed387d43c542f8bf02e28e888bbbe1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 17, p 2036 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/17/2036/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11172036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11172036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/17/2036/pdf?version=1567071926","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G385108109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1153N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970276441.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2970276441.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545812523","https://openalex.org/W1848071510","https://openalex.org/W1852749498","https://openalex.org/W1974831631","https://openalex.org/W1975792511","https://openalex.org/W1980234020","https://openalex.org/W1986694069","https://openalex.org/W1992132625","https://openalex.org/W1998943389","https://openalex.org/W1999328390","https://openalex.org/W2029692206","https://openalex.org/W2036382759","https://openalex.org/W2036471453","https://openalex.org/W2037693390","https://openalex.org/W2103196703","https://openalex.org/W2111317694","https://openalex.org/W2118926472","https://openalex.org/W2119075224","https://openalex.org/W2121264610","https://openalex.org/W2121292063","https://openalex.org/W2122113299","https://openalex.org/W2131523864","https://openalex.org/W2144025639","https://openalex.org/W2146104749","https://openalex.org/W2153867151","https://openalex.org/W2158630109","https://openalex.org/W2159392347","https://openalex.org/W2575572031","https://openalex.org/W2725892444","https://openalex.org/W2791517694","https://openalex.org/W2917594002","https://openalex.org/W4254227897"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317169686","https://openalex.org/W1185324648","https://openalex.org/W2539553997","https://openalex.org/W3159902002","https://openalex.org/W3208155863","https://openalex.org/W2363237216","https://openalex.org/W2033762247","https://openalex.org/W2530392398","https://openalex.org/W1983414154","https://openalex.org/W2070366004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"representation":[1],"of":[2,15,19,31,43,88,104,118],"the":[3,29,32,73,77,86,90,102,105,116,122,129,144,148,156,182],"ocean-atmosphere":[4],"coupling":[5],"in":[6,76,81],"weather,":[7],"wave":[8,37],"and":[9,22,80,124,138,180,188,196],"climate":[10],"models":[11,123],"requires":[12],"reliable":[13],"estimates":[14],"air-sea":[16],"surface":[17,33,47,57,64,149],"fluxes":[18,34,58],"momentum,":[20],"heat":[21],"mass.":[23],"Whitecap":[24],"fraction":[25],"(W)":[26],"usually":[27],"quantifies":[28],"enhancement":[30],"due":[35],"to":[36,71,94,97,110,127,133,146,160,168,198],"breaking.":[38],"Satellite-based":[39],"passive":[40],"remote":[41],"sensing":[42],"W":[44,111,134,161,171],"from":[45,173],"ocean":[46,56],"brightness":[48],"temperatures":[49],"(":[50],"T":[51,106,130,157,183],"B":[52,107,131,158,184],"s)":[53],"observes":[54],"open":[55],"at":[59,66,150,162,175,186],"low":[60,197],"spatial":[61],"resolution.":[62],"Radiometric":[63],"observations":[65,174],"higher":[67],"resolution":[68],"are":[69],"necessary":[70],"monitor":[72],"complex":[74],"environment":[75],"coastal":[78],"zone":[79],"polar":[82],"regions.":[83],"We":[84,100,120,153],"assess":[85],"feasibility":[87],"using":[89],"millimeter-wave":[91,151],"frequencies":[92],"(89":[93],"150":[95,189],"GHz)":[96],"observe":[98,147],"whitecaps.":[99],"evaluate":[101,128],"derivative":[103],"with":[108],"respect":[109],"as":[112],"a":[113],"measure":[114],"for":[115,135],"observation":[117],"W.":[119],"describe":[121],"data":[125],"used":[126],"sensitivity":[132,159,185],"different":[136],"instrumental":[137],"environmental":[139],"conditions.":[140],"Atmospheric":[141],"absorption":[142],"limits":[143],"ability":[145],"frequencies.":[152],"find":[154],"that":[155,181],"89":[163],"GHz":[164,190],"may":[165],"be":[166],"sufficient":[167],"support":[169],"limited":[170],"retrieval":[172],"altitudes":[176],"below":[177],"1":[178],"km":[179],"113":[187],"is":[191],"not":[192],"sufficient.":[193],"Clear":[194],"skies,":[195],"moderate":[199],"atmospheric":[200],"humidity":[201],"favor":[202],"whitecap":[203],"observations.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}