{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2968611215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161881","title":"Searching for Viking Age Fortresses with Automatic Landscape Classification and Feature Detection","display_name":"Searching for Viking Age Fortresses with Automatic Landscape Classification and Feature Detection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2968611215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161881","mag":"2968611215"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11161881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161881","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/16/1881/pdf?version=1565592721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/16/1881/pdf?version=1565592721","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048949923","display_name":"David Stott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-2813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086704","display_name":"Moesgaard Museum","ror":"https://ror.org/002yb3q28","country_code":"DK","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086704"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Stott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Archaeological Science and Conservation, Moesgaard Museum, Moesg\u00e5rd All\u00e9 20, 8270 H\u00f8jbjerg, Denmark","Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, H\u00f8egh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Archaeological Science and Conservation, Moesgaard Museum, Moesg\u00e5rd All\u00e9 20, 8270 H\u00f8jbjerg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, H\u00f8egh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029544502","display_name":"S\u00f8ren Munch Kristiansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3128-4061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S\u00f8ren Munch Kristiansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), Aarhus University, Moesg\u00e5rd All\u00e9 20, 8270 H\u00f8jbjerg, Denmark","Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, H\u00f8egh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), Aarhus University, Moesg\u00e5rd All\u00e9 20, 8270 H\u00f8jbjerg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, H\u00f8egh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067324947","display_name":"S\u00f8ren Michael Sindb\u00e6k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1254-1256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00f8ren Michael Sindb\u00e6k","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), Aarhus University, Moesg\u00e5rd All\u00e9 20, 8270 H\u00f8jbjerg, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), Aarhus University, Moesg\u00e5rd All\u00e9 20, 8270 H\u00f8jbjerg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029544502"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.938,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96129707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"16","first_page":"1881","last_page":"1881"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12364","display_name":"Archaeological Research and Protection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12364","display_name":"Archaeological Research and Protection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5340313911437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.48331117630004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.4805089235305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-heritage","display_name":"Cultural heritage","score":0.46219828724861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impact-crater","display_name":"Impact crater","score":0.4570572078227997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.42084482312202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37301984429359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.35929304361343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.351895272731781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.2743988633155823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrobiology","display_name":"Astrobiology","score":0.11493605375289917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5340313911437988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.48331117630004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.4805089235305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60671577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural heritage","level":2,"score":0.46219828724861145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179537507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55818","display_name":"Impact crater","level":2,"score":0.4570572078227997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.42084482312202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37301984429359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.35929304361343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.351895272731781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2743988633155823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.11493605375289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11161881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161881","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/16/1881/pdf?version=1565592721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/223d30f3-eb87-40f2-98f4-c47b4c770546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/223d30f3-eb87-40f2-98f4-c47b4c770546","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Stott, D, Kristiansen, S M & Sindb\u00e6k, S M 2019, 'Searching for Viking Age Fortresses with Automatic Landscape Classification and Feature Detection', Remote Sensing, vol. 11, no. 16, 1881, pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161881","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e99638569ecc4463b7148ced6b15f0af","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e99638569ecc4463b7148ced6b15f0af","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 16, p 1881 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/16/1881/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11161881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 16; Pages: 1881","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11161881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161881","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/16/1881/pdf?version=1565592721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2968611215.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2968611215.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84251869","https://openalex.org/W324310353","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1774369816","https://openalex.org/W1886711746","https://openalex.org/W1927857451","https://openalex.org/W1969685066","https://openalex.org/W1977656911","https://openalex.org/W1978270924","https://openalex.org/W1984020445","https://openalex.org/W1985291094","https://openalex.org/W1987278426","https://openalex.org/W1990868684","https://openalex.org/W1991871342","https://openalex.org/W2004491626","https://openalex.org/W2012765458","https://openalex.org/W2015159529","https://openalex.org/W2032959179","https://openalex.org/W2049647840","https://openalex.org/W2052082248","https://openalex.org/W2055061524","https://openalex.org/W2070230130","https://openalex.org/W2083281122","https://openalex.org/W2091460873","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2141954338","https://openalex.org/W2146341366","https://openalex.org/W2148633389","https://openalex.org/W2160199096","https://openalex.org/W2167518054","https://openalex.org/W2189804331","https://openalex.org/W2192434319","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2303985404","https://openalex.org/W2315376979","https://openalex.org/W2339652516","https://openalex.org/W2346186328","https://openalex.org/W2406607666","https://openalex.org/W2483804531","https://openalex.org/W2523875627","https://openalex.org/W2569142135","https://openalex.org/W2572406742","https://openalex.org/W2587908787","https://openalex.org/W2738232694","https://openalex.org/W2740924709","https://openalex.org/W2744873174","https://openalex.org/W2747544278","https://openalex.org/W2792008101","https://openalex.org/W2793222099","https://openalex.org/W2806299338","https://openalex.org/W2806877710","https://openalex.org/W2806968835","https://openalex.org/W2891090518","https://openalex.org/W2900891442","https://openalex.org/W2901850203","https://openalex.org/W2903009718","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2922858103","https://openalex.org/W2925480424","https://openalex.org/W2970192880","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3085610768","https://openalex.org/W4241271648","https://openalex.org/W6616884611","https://openalex.org/W6640241992","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6698088386","https://openalex.org/W6707665194","https://openalex.org/W6731803482","https://openalex.org/W6733503636","https://openalex.org/W6752048735","https://openalex.org/W6867852719","https://openalex.org/W6881969756","https://openalex.org/W6986644250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2625809971","https://openalex.org/W1663847441","https://openalex.org/W2768493687","https://openalex.org/W2170886505","https://openalex.org/W1969484083","https://openalex.org/W2743845306","https://openalex.org/W2792375831","https://openalex.org/W2386713424","https://openalex.org/W4382051772","https://openalex.org/W3170601672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Across":[0],"the":[1,52,59,78,94,121,129,135,166,174,186,205,208],"world,":[2],"cultural":[3,130,175,225],"heritage":[4,176,226],"is":[5,24,213],"eradicated":[6],"at":[7],"an":[8,25],"unprecedented":[9],"rate":[10],"by":[11,115],"development,":[12],"agriculture,":[13],"and":[14,21,98,120,131,151,179,230],"natural":[15],"erosion.":[16],"Remote":[17],"sensing":[18],"using":[19,66,93,116],"airborne":[20,67],"satellite":[22],"sensors":[23],"essential":[26],"tool":[27],"for":[28,80,147,155,201,224],"rapidly":[29],"investigating":[30],"human":[31],"traces":[32],"over":[33],"large":[34,41],"surfaces":[35],"of":[36,61,82,123,134,138,188,207],"our":[37,189],"planet,":[38],"but":[39],"even":[40],"monumental":[42],"structures":[43],"may":[44],"be":[45],"visible":[46],"as":[47,169],"only":[48],"faint":[49],"indications":[50],"on":[51],"surface.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"demonstrate":[58],"utility":[60],"a":[62,73],"machine":[63,124,194],"learning":[64,125,195],"approach":[65,212],"laser":[68],"scanning":[69],"data":[70],"to":[71,111,127,222],"address":[72],"\u201cneedle-in-a-haystack\u201d":[74],"problem,":[75],"which":[76,101],"involves":[77],"search":[79,223],"remnants":[81],"Viking":[83,148],"ring":[84,89,202],"fortresses":[85,203],"throughout":[86],"Denmark.":[87,107],"First":[88],"detection":[90],"was":[91,109],"applied":[92],"Hough":[95],"circle":[96],"transformations":[97],"template":[99],"matching,":[100],"detected":[102],"202,048":[103],"circular":[104,142],"features":[105,143,159],"in":[106,185],"This":[108],"reduced":[110],"199":[112],"candidate":[113,199],"sites":[114,168,177,200],"their":[117],"geometric":[118],"properties":[119],"application":[122],"techniques":[126],"classify":[128],"topographic":[132],"context":[133],"features.":[136],"Two":[137],"these":[139],"near":[140],"perfectly":[141],"are":[144,153,220],"convincing":[145],"candidates":[146,154],"Age":[149],"fortresses,":[150],"two":[152],"either":[156],"glacial":[157],"landscape":[158],"or":[160],"simple":[161],"meteor":[162,231],"craters.":[163,233],"Ground-truthing":[164],"revealed":[165],"latter":[167],"ice":[170],"age":[171],"features,":[172,229],"while":[173],"Borg\u00f8":[178],"Tr\u00e6lbanke":[180],"urge":[181],"renewed":[182],"archaeological":[183],"investigation":[184],"light":[187],"findings.":[190],"The":[191],"fact":[192],"that":[193],"identifies":[196],"compelling":[197],"new":[198],"demonstrates":[204],"power":[206],"approach.":[209],"Our":[210],"automatic":[211],"applicable":[214],"worldwide":[215],"where":[216],"digital":[217],"terrain":[218],"models":[219],"available":[221],"sites,":[227],"geomorphological":[228],"impact":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2019-08-22T00:00:00"}
