{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2966456140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11151791","title":"A Density-Based Approach for Leaf Area Index Assessment in a Complex Forest Environment Using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner","display_name":"A Density-Based Approach for Leaf Area Index Assessment in a Complex Forest Environment Using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2966456140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11151791","mag":"2966456140"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11151791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11151791","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/15/1791/pdf?version=1564562203","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/15/1791/pdf?version=1564562203","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071055085","display_name":"Ali Rouzbeh Kargar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8653-086X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Rouzbeh Kargar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068878579","display_name":"Richard A. MacKenzie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3779-787X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard MacKenzie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry of US Forest Service, Hilo, HI 96721, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry of US Forest Service, Hilo, HI 96721, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035372982","display_name":"Gregory P. Asner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7893-6421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory P. Asner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085740223","display_name":"Jan van Aardt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-0088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan van Aardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071055085"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.1441,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75700566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"15","first_page":"1791","last_page":"1791"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"Leaf area index","score":0.7911627292633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.7287179231643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7013087272644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6922122240066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6780931949615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.6425978541374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6209307312965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomass","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","score":0.4511902332305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voxel","display_name":"Voxel","score":0.4260464012622833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.25285688042640686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19114744663238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.18169769644737244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.7911627292633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.7287179231643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7013087272644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6922122240066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6780931949615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.6425978541374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6209307312965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4511902332305908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54170458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663554","display_name":"Voxel","level":2,"score":0.4260464012622833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.25285688042640686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19114744663238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.18169769644737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11151791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11151791","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/15/1791/pdf?version=1564562203","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.rit.edu:article-2993","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.rit.edu/article/1931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402456","display_name":"RIT Scholar Works (Rochester Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","host_organization_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Articles","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cgspace.cgiar.org:10568/112857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cifor.org/library/7738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402055","display_name":"CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1286583668","host_organization_name":"CGIAR","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd6f05eb5b16450b873e220aa929f61c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd6f05eb5b16450b873e220aa929f61c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 15, p 1791 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/15/1791/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11151791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 15; Pages: 1791","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.rit.edu:article-2993","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.rit.edu/article/1931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402456","display_name":"RIT Scholar Works (Rochester Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","host_organization_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Articles","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11151791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11151791","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/15/1791/pdf?version=1564562203","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2385361206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PSW internal grant award","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332478","funder_display_name":"U.S. Forest Service"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7718812893","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"State","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332478","funder_display_name":"U.S. Forest Service"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332478","display_name":"U.S. Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2966456140.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2966456140.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1882707605","https://openalex.org/W1964011242","https://openalex.org/W1969939898","https://openalex.org/W1980375943","https://openalex.org/W2009055309","https://openalex.org/W2009134338","https://openalex.org/W2023491642","https://openalex.org/W2024697317","https://openalex.org/W2028481299","https://openalex.org/W2038617433","https://openalex.org/W2056750420","https://openalex.org/W2065258204","https://openalex.org/W2067577180","https://openalex.org/W2072723786","https://openalex.org/W2095579307","https://openalex.org/W2100685227","https://openalex.org/W2102228204","https://openalex.org/W2107157624","https://openalex.org/W2113488626","https://openalex.org/W2114942312","https://openalex.org/W2115322030","https://openalex.org/W2116952004","https://openalex.org/W2118020555","https://openalex.org/W2120617193","https://openalex.org/W2125975229","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2149777495","https://openalex.org/W2155632542","https://openalex.org/W2162456434","https://openalex.org/W2165296207","https://openalex.org/W2168301479","https://openalex.org/W2174904160","https://openalex.org/W2226648739","https://openalex.org/W2260166787","https://openalex.org/W2288829032","https://openalex.org/W2320720839","https://openalex.org/W2425452707","https://openalex.org/W2734268260","https://openalex.org/W2769416190","https://openalex.org/W2895573404","https://openalex.org/W4250533120","https://openalex.org/W6692587784","https://openalex.org/W6755575998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2377212262","https://openalex.org/W4327748155","https://openalex.org/W2088131065","https://openalex.org/W2005998065","https://openalex.org/W2955967599","https://openalex.org/W2001220299","https://openalex.org/W4323518558","https://openalex.org/W2549050738","https://openalex.org/W3196715007","https://openalex.org/W2366440988"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forests":[0],"are":[1,580],"an":[2,156,442,499,505],"important":[3],"part":[4],"natural":[5,22],"ecosystems,":[6],"by":[7,326,352,524],"for":[8,87,149,279,342,608,630,634],"example":[9],"providing":[10],"food,":[11],"fiber,":[12],"habitat,":[13],"and":[14,25,29,47,73,99,109,113,178,199,237,276,293,306,433,461,504,528,637],"biodiversity,":[15],"all":[16,488,549],"of":[17,31,49,68,71,228,240,273,310,318,323,329,337,344,356,363,384,392,446,483,493,502,508,530,614,640],"which":[18,96,464,597],"contribute":[19],"to":[20,43,251,267,313,374,516,574],"stable":[21],"systems.":[23],"Assessing":[24],"modeling":[26,613],"the":[27,69,89,130,136,153,165,170,175,201,209,222,226,238,248,252,268,274,283,300,308,321,327,345,354,357,360,364,378,385,388,393,397,403,413,424,429,434,451,458,468,481,484,489,525,531,540,550,560,568,591,598,615],"structure":[28],"characteristics":[30],"forests,":[32],"e.g.,":[33,103],"Leaf":[34,191],"Area":[35,192],"Index":[36],"(LAI),":[37],"volume,":[38],"biomass,":[39],"etc.,":[40],"can":[41,477,571],"lead":[42],"a":[44,63,84,92,114,126,196,330,333,369,400,587,648],"better":[45],"understanding":[46],"management":[48],"these":[50,229,311,375,609],"resources.":[51],"In":[52,79,118],"recent":[53],"years,":[54],"Terrestrial":[55],"Laser":[56],"Scanning":[57],"(TLS)":[58],"has":[59],"been":[60],"recognized":[61],"as":[62,407,417,467,480],"tool":[64],"that":[65,247,567,579],"addresses":[66],"many":[67],"limitations":[70],"manual":[72],"traditional":[74],"forest":[75,94,172,645],"data":[76,456,592],"collection":[77],"methods.":[78],"this":[80,553,632],"study,":[81],"we":[82,367,420,555,589],"propose":[83],"density-based":[85],"approach":[86],"estimating":[88],"LAI":[90,145,422,452,476,494,541,562,569,617,641],"in":[91,135,152,174,208,221,242,299,332,359,390,441,487,511,552,577,596,643],"structurally-complex":[93],"environment,":[95],"contains":[97],"variable":[98],"diverse":[100,115],"structural":[101],"attributes,":[102],"non-circular":[104],"stem":[105],"forms,":[106],"dense":[107],"canopy":[108,173,202,532],"below-canopy":[110],"vegetation":[111,526],"cover,":[112],"species":[116],"composition.":[117],"addition,":[119],"242":[120,150],"TLS":[121,430],"scans":[122],"were":[123,217,231,405,415,600],"collected":[124],"using":[125,155,183,195,296,423,457,618,631,647],"portable":[127],"low-cost":[128],"scanner,":[129],"Compact":[131],"Biomass":[132],"Lidar":[133],"(CBL),":[134],"Hawaii":[137,142],"Volcanoes":[138],"National":[139],"Park":[140],"(HAVO),":[141],"Island,":[143],"USA.":[144],"also":[146,289,449],"was":[147,340,350,496,522],"measured":[148],"plots":[151,551,578,599],"site,":[154,554],"AccuPAR":[157],"LP-80":[158],"ceptometer.":[159],"The":[160,347,491,604,626],"first":[161],"step":[162],"after":[163],"cleaning":[164],"point":[166,181,203,304,425,431,459,620],"cloud":[167,204],"involved":[168],"detecting":[169],"higher":[171,262,277],"light":[176],"detection":[177,298],"ranging":[179],"(lidar)":[180],"clouds,":[182],"normal":[184],"change":[185],"rate":[186],"assessment.":[187],"We":[188,245,288,448],"then":[189],"estimated":[190,450],"Density":[193,317,371],"(LAD),":[194],"voxel-based":[197],"approach,":[198],"divided":[200,218,325,590],"into":[205,219,593],"five":[206,214],"layers":[207,215],"Z":[210],"(vertical)":[211],"direction.":[212],"These":[213],"subsequently":[216],"voxels":[220,230],"X":[223],"direction,":[224],"where":[225],"size":[227,336,349,355],"obtained":[232,479],"based":[233,381,611],"on":[234,382,559,612],"inter-quartile":[235],"analysis":[236,436,558,565],"number":[239,322],"points":[241,324],"each":[243,343,391],"voxel.":[244],"hypothesized":[246],"intensity":[249],"returned":[250],"lidar":[253,455],"system":[254],"from":[255,264,302,428,454],"woody":[256,280,294],"materials,":[257],"like":[258],"branches,":[259],"would":[260],"be":[261,478,544,572,575],"than":[263],"leaves,":[265,408],"due":[266],"liquid":[269],"water":[270],"absorption":[271],"feature":[272],"leaves":[275],"reflectance":[278],"material":[281],"at":[282,581],"905":[284],"nm":[285],"laser":[286],"wavelength.":[287],"differentiated":[290],"between":[291,624],"foliar":[292],"materials":[295],"edge":[297],"images":[301],"projected":[303],"clouds":[305,432],"evaluated":[307],"density":[309,394,401,527,621],"regions":[312],"support":[314],"our":[315],"hypothesis.":[316],"points,":[319],"or":[320],"volume":[328],"grid,":[331],"3D":[334],"grid":[335,348],"0.1":[338],"m,":[339],"calculated":[341],"voxels.":[346,490],"determined":[351],"investigating":[353],"branches":[358],"lower":[361],"portion":[362],"canopy.":[365],"Subsequently,":[366],"fitted":[368],"Kernel":[370],"Estimator":[372],"(KDE)":[373],"values,":[376,622],"with":[377,399,498],"threshold":[379,404,414],"set":[380],"half":[383],"area":[386,472],"under":[387],"curve":[389],"distributions.":[395],"All":[396],"grids":[398,411],"below":[402],"labeled":[406],"while":[409],"those":[410],"above":[412],"identified":[416],"non-leaves.":[418],"Finally,":[419],"modeled":[421],"densities":[426,460],"derived":[427],"listed":[435],"steps.":[437],"This":[438,564],"model":[439],"resulted":[440],"R":[443,605],"2":[444,606],"value":[445,501],"0.88.":[447],"directly":[453],"calculating":[462],"LAD,":[463],"is":[465,535],"defined":[466],"total":[469],"one-sided":[470],"leaf":[471,619],"per":[473],"unit":[474],"volume.":[475],"sum":[482],"LAD":[485],"values":[486,542,570,607,642],"accuracy":[492],"estimation":[495,639],"90%,":[497],"RMSE":[500],"0.31,":[503],"average":[506],"overestimation":[507],"9":[509],"%":[510],"TLS-derived":[512],"LAI,":[513],"when":[514],"compared":[515],"field-measured":[517,561,616],"LAI.":[518],"Algorithm":[519],"performance":[520],"mainly":[521],"affected":[523],"complexity":[529],"structures.":[533],"It":[534],"worth":[536],"noting":[537],"that,":[538],"since":[539],"cannot":[543],"considered":[545],"spatially":[546],"independent":[547,576],"throughout":[548],"performed":[556],"semivariogram":[557],"data.":[563],"showed":[566],"assumed":[573],"least":[582],"30":[583,601],"m":[584,602],"apart.":[585],"As":[586],"result,":[588],"six":[594],"subsets":[595],"spaced.":[603],"subsets,":[610],"ranged":[623],"0.84\u20130.96.":[625],"results":[627],"bode":[628],"well":[629],"method":[633],"efficient,":[635],"automatic,":[636],"accurate/precise":[638],"complex":[644],"environments,":[646],"low-cost,":[649],"rapid-scan":[650],"TLS.":[651]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2019-08-13T00:00:00"}
