{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2961095753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141632","title":"Optimization of X-Band Radar Rainfall Retrieval in the Southern Andes of Ecuador Using a Random Forest Model","display_name":"Optimization of X-Band Radar Rainfall Retrieval in the Southern Andes of Ecuador Using a Random Forest Model","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2961095753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141632","mag":"2961095753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11141632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141632","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/14/1632/pdf?version=1562835991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/14/1632/pdf?version=1562835991","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002343465","display_name":"Johanna Orellana\u2010Alvear","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6206-075X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161103922","display_name":"Philipps University of Marburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01rdrb571","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189914110","display_name":"University of Cuenca","ror":"https://ror.org/04r23zn56","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189914110"]}],"countries":["DE","EC"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johanna Orellana-Alvear","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Recursos H\u00eddricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca EC010207, Ecuador","Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Recursos H\u00eddricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca EC010207, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189914110"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007686924","display_name":"Rolando C\u00e9lleri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-3768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189914110","display_name":"University of Cuenca","ror":"https://ror.org/04r23zn56","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189914110"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rolando C\u00e9lleri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Recursos H\u00eddricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca EC010207, Ecuador","Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca EC010207, Ecuador"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Recursos H\u00eddricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca EC010207, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189914110"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca EC010207, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189914110"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049883743","display_name":"R\u00fctger Rollenbeck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1423-4356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161103922","display_name":"Philipps University of Marburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01rdrb571","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R\u00fctger Rollenbeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004793659","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Bendix","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6559-2033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161103922","display_name":"Philipps University of Marburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01rdrb571","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Bendix","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002343465"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161103922","https://openalex.org/I189914110"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":1925,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2076},"fwci":1.2441,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78880149,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"14","first_page":"1632","last_page":"1632"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.7364781498908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5942392349243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5893524289131165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantitative-precipitation-estimation","display_name":"Quantitative precipitation estimation","score":0.543999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5083348155021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rain-gauge","display_name":"Rain gauge","score":0.5007205009460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.48044082522392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.47264567017555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3775371015071869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37470489740371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.26790955662727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21045061945915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11274543404579163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.10563072562217712}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.7364781498908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5942392349243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5893524289131165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75398719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268938","display_name":"Quantitative precipitation estimation","level":3,"score":0.543999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5083348155021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120961793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190052","display_name":"Rain gauge","level":3,"score":0.5007205009460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.48044082522392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.47264567017555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3775371015071869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37470489740371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26790955662727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21045061945915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11274543404579163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.10563072562217712}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11141632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141632","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/14/1632/pdf?version=1562835991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:49c6ff5026fe4f06afab45753d90959d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/49c6ff5026fe4f06afab45753d90959d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 14, p 1632 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec:123456789/34267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85070705080&origin=inward","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400169","display_name":"Repositorio Institucional (Universidad de Cuenca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210087785","host_organization_name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Cuenca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087785"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"ART\u00cdCULO"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/14/1632/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11141632","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 14; Pages: 1632","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11141632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141632","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/14/1632/pdf?version=1562835991","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3039432774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE1780/31-1 and BE1780/38-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318739","display_name":"Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transici\u00f3n Ecol\u00f3gica","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322007","display_name":"Ministry of Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/04xmt0833"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2961095753.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2961095753.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1271023961","https://openalex.org/W1579757413","https://openalex.org/W1651291934","https://openalex.org/W1959109722","https://openalex.org/W1967992376","https://openalex.org/W1982859544","https://openalex.org/W1988087376","https://openalex.org/W1995281172","https://openalex.org/W1998435864","https://openalex.org/W2006014885","https://openalex.org/W2015833712","https://openalex.org/W2019778229","https://openalex.org/W2033904036","https://openalex.org/W2048500910","https://openalex.org/W2050971313","https://openalex.org/W2052767937","https://openalex.org/W2070979297","https://openalex.org/W2085396059","https://openalex.org/W2085522296","https://openalex.org/W2086453350","https://openalex.org/W2100022531","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2108073854","https://openalex.org/W2111473540","https://openalex.org/W2119869389","https://openalex.org/W2121869708","https://openalex.org/W2122414795","https://openalex.org/W2163032474","https://openalex.org/W2164502060","https://openalex.org/W2173031829","https://openalex.org/W2255188727","https://openalex.org/W2295579920","https://openalex.org/W2301339988","https://openalex.org/W2346213238","https://openalex.org/W2543836054","https://openalex.org/W2551744005","https://openalex.org/W2554534291","https://openalex.org/W2562815388","https://openalex.org/W2580618829","https://openalex.org/W2591107842","https://openalex.org/W2604500048","https://openalex.org/W2607398424","https://openalex.org/W2610444067","https://openalex.org/W2618972264","https://openalex.org/W2639416113","https://openalex.org/W2741949247","https://openalex.org/W2748030120","https://openalex.org/W2886349084","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W6652146883","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145653316","https://openalex.org/W2605346672","https://openalex.org/W2069290955","https://openalex.org/W2565886105","https://openalex.org/W2313564459","https://openalex.org/W1544415619","https://openalex.org/W2009723184","https://openalex.org/W1650180333","https://openalex.org/W4221102991","https://openalex.org/W2106787481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"many":[1],"efforts":[2],"of":[3,22,36,44,58,85,142],"the":[4,45,55,59,64,86,94,101,134,139,143,152,164,169,200],"radar":[5,13,24,62],"community,":[6],"quantitative":[7],"precipitation":[8],"estimation":[9],"(QPE)":[10],"from":[11],"weather":[12],"data":[14],"remains":[15],"a":[16,71,104,195],"challenging":[17],"topic.":[18],"The":[19,38,83,189],"high":[20,41,201],"resolution":[21],"X-band":[23,61,206],"imagery":[25],"in":[26,63,91,122,133,172],"space":[27],"and":[28,40,76,103,116,176,193],"time":[29,121],"comes":[30],"with":[31,93],"an":[32,131],"intricate":[33],"correction":[34],"process":[35],"reflectivity.":[37],"steep":[39],"mountain":[42,123],"topography":[43],"Andes":[46],"enhances":[47],"its":[48],"complexity.":[49],"This":[50],"study":[51],"aims":[52],"to":[53,161,184,198,205],"optimize":[54],"rainfall":[56,153,179],"derivation":[57],"highest":[60],"world":[65],"(4450":[66],"m":[67],"a.s.l.)":[68],"by":[69,98,137],"using":[70,99,138],"random":[72],"forest":[73],"(RF)":[74],"model":[75,88,166],"single":[77],"Plan":[78],"Position":[79],"Indicator":[80],"(PPI)":[81],"scans.":[82],"performance":[84],"RF":[87,165],"was":[89,127],"evaluated":[90],"comparison":[92],"traditional":[95],"step-wise":[96,135,170],"approach":[97,136,171,197],"both,":[100],"Marshall-Palmer":[102],"site-specific":[105,140],"Z\u2013R":[106,145],"relationship.":[107,146],"Since":[108],"rain":[109],"gauge":[110],"networks":[111],"are":[112,191],"frequently":[113],"unevenly":[114],"distributed":[115],"hardly":[117],"available":[118],"at":[119],"real":[120],"regions,":[124],"bias":[125],"adjustment":[126],"neglected.":[128],"Results":[129],"showed":[130],"improvement":[132],"(instead":[141],"Marshall-Palmer)":[144],"However,":[147],"both":[148],"models":[149],"highly":[150],"underestimate":[151],"rate":[154],"(correlation":[155,181],"coefficient":[156,182],"<":[157],"0.69;":[158],"slope":[159,186],"up":[160,183],"12).":[162],"Contrary,":[163],"greatly":[167],"outperformed":[168],"all":[173],"testing":[174],"locations":[175],"on":[177],"different":[178,196],"events":[180],"0.83;":[185],"=":[187],"1.04).":[188],"results":[190],"promising":[192],"unveil":[194],"overcome":[199],"attenuation":[202],"issues":[203],"inherent":[204],"radars.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2019-07-23T00:00:00"}