{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955744757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121504","title":"Climate and Land-Use Change Effects on Soil Carbon Stocks over 150 Years in Wisconsin, USA","display_name":"Climate and Land-Use Change Effects on Soil Carbon Stocks over 150 Years in Wisconsin, USA","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955744757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121504","mag":"2955744757"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11121504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121504","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1504/pdf?version=1561459191","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1504/pdf?version=1561459191","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021573023","display_name":"Jingyi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-9699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013987545","display_name":"Alfred E. Hartemink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5797-6798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfred E. Hartemink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100647283","display_name":"Yakun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-8576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yakun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021573023"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.3979,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87248986,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"1504","last_page":"1504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-carbon","display_name":"Soil carbon","score":0.8126806020736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7099958062171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.5643186569213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5400950908660889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.48495200276374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-warming","display_name":"Global warming","score":0.4571097493171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-change","display_name":"Global change","score":0.4539206027984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water","display_name":"Soil water","score":0.4493463933467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-sequestration","display_name":"Carbon sequestration","score":0.433228462934494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.2825964093208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-dioxide","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","score":0.16517925262451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.10753011703491211}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39464130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554898","display_name":"Soil carbon","level":3,"score":0.8126806020736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7099958062171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.5643186569213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5400950908660889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.48495200276374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.4571097493171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199491958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737514","display_name":"Global change","level":3,"score":0.4539206027984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.4493463933467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22884784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550","display_name":"Carbon sequestration","level":3,"score":0.433228462934494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.2825964093208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.16517925262451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10753011703491211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11121504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121504","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1504/pdf?version=1561459191","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6d995d1240364bff9d59bf01cc52ce38","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6d995d1240364bff9d59bf01cc52ce38","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 12, p 1504 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/12/1504/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 12; Pages: 1504","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11121504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121504","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1504/pdf?version=1561459191","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320386","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320966","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2955744757.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2955744757.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92141931","https://openalex.org/W261457509","https://openalex.org/W1058055990","https://openalex.org/W1505543708","https://openalex.org/W1507021959","https://openalex.org/W1589359859","https://openalex.org/W1814792502","https://openalex.org/W1933648412","https://openalex.org/W1981393083","https://openalex.org/W1989139099","https://openalex.org/W1992458858","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2001116821","https://openalex.org/W2026448896","https://openalex.org/W2028651545","https://openalex.org/W2032887514","https://openalex.org/W2034109110","https://openalex.org/W2039990206","https://openalex.org/W2051616740","https://openalex.org/W2054015957","https://openalex.org/W2054325787","https://openalex.org/W2056352050","https://openalex.org/W2067667351","https://openalex.org/W2077836873","https://openalex.org/W2078712779","https://openalex.org/W2087646387","https://openalex.org/W2090602773","https://openalex.org/W2091160252","https://openalex.org/W2094971595","https://openalex.org/W2096535893","https://openalex.org/W2112278332","https://openalex.org/W2112991760","https://openalex.org/W2122338760","https://openalex.org/W2128463501","https://openalex.org/W2135448420","https://openalex.org/W2144189317","https://openalex.org/W2148859990","https://openalex.org/W2149329189","https://openalex.org/W2152042241","https://openalex.org/W2157452107","https://openalex.org/W2158704307","https://openalex.org/W2161176557","https://openalex.org/W2161955723","https://openalex.org/W2172522266","https://openalex.org/W2175056019","https://openalex.org/W2190656095","https://openalex.org/W2215209940","https://openalex.org/W2245710736","https://openalex.org/W2262021375","https://openalex.org/W2279474730","https://openalex.org/W2293765217","https://openalex.org/W2313003587","https://openalex.org/W2339831229","https://openalex.org/W2557946486","https://openalex.org/W2579486704","https://openalex.org/W2581741828","https://openalex.org/W2588003345","https://openalex.org/W2593013168","https://openalex.org/W2735491519","https://openalex.org/W2745770579","https://openalex.org/W2763191811","https://openalex.org/W2764230298","https://openalex.org/W2766136866","https://openalex.org/W2782582361","https://openalex.org/W2794363341","https://openalex.org/W2883893555","https://openalex.org/W2886683489","https://openalex.org/W2918527903","https://openalex.org/W2946673304","https://openalex.org/W2979909949","https://openalex.org/W3020939890","https://openalex.org/W3021360923","https://openalex.org/W3084977960","https://openalex.org/W4211056572","https://openalex.org/W4241528535","https://openalex.org/W6609688114","https://openalex.org/W6631263138","https://openalex.org/W6656988099","https://openalex.org/W6674640758"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961432760","https://openalex.org/W1578977146","https://openalex.org/W3166475604","https://openalex.org/W4386054443","https://openalex.org/W168413351","https://openalex.org/W3039471324","https://openalex.org/W4321354035","https://openalex.org/W1509162212","https://openalex.org/W4210601336","https://openalex.org/W2358854371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Soil":[0],"organic":[1,52],"carbon":[2,25,39,53],"is":[3],"a":[4,33,83,109,115,145,192,217,230],"sink":[5],"for":[6],"mitigating":[7],"increased":[8,242],"atmospheric":[9],"carbon.":[10],"The":[11,148,168,197,252,280],"international":[12],"initiative":[13],"\u201c4":[14],"per":[15],"1000\u201d":[16],"aims":[17],"at":[18,135,224,229,243,257],"implementing":[19],"practical":[20],"actions":[21],"on":[22,206,213],"increasing":[23],"soil":[24,38,51,77,127,150,160,174,267,305],"storage":[26],"in":[27,118,255,274],"soils":[28],"under":[29,72],"agriculture.":[30],"This":[31],"requires":[32],"fundamental":[34],"understanding":[35,207],"of":[36,104,121,172,210,232,317],"the":[37,42,49,99,119,139,208,225,270,295],"changes":[40,215],"across":[41,93,138,216],"globe.":[43],"Several":[44],"studies":[45],"have":[46,56],"suggested":[47],"that":[48],"global":[50,60],"stocks":[54],"(SOCS)":[55],"decreased":[57,228,309],"due":[58,289,302],"to":[59,156,164,290,303],"warming":[61],"and":[62,75,88,96,101,129,133,162,180,191,220,239,241,250,266,276,278,284,299,315,319],"land":[63,86,188,264,291],"cover":[64,189,265,292,320],"change,":[65],"while":[66,294],"others":[67],"reported":[68],"SOCS":[69,92,105,214,223,256,272],"may":[70],"increase":[71,296],"climate":[73],"change":[74,293],"improved":[76],"management.":[78],"To":[79],"better":[80],"understand":[81],"how":[82],"changing":[84],"climate,":[85],"cover,":[87],"agricultural":[89],"activities":[90],"influence":[91],"large":[94,218],"extents":[95],"long":[97],"periods,":[98],"spatial":[100,219,253],"temporal":[102,221],"variations":[103],"were":[106,152],"estimated":[107,134],"using":[108],"modified":[110],"space-for-time":[111],"substitution":[112],"method":[113],"over":[114],"150-year":[116],"period":[117],"state":[120,140],"Wisconsin,":[122],"USA.":[123],"We":[124],"used":[125],"legacy":[126,149],"datasets":[128,151],"environmental":[130,169],"factors":[131,170,212],"collected":[132,153],"different":[136,211],"times":[137],"(169,639":[141],"km2)":[142],"coupled":[143],"with":[144,269],"machine-learning":[146],"algorithm.":[147],"from":[154,158],"1980":[155,249,285,298],"2002":[157,300],"550":[159],"profiles":[161],"harmonized":[163],"0.30":[165],"m":[166,227,259],"depth.":[167],"consisted":[171],"100-m":[173],"property":[175],"maps,":[176,182],"1-km":[177],"annual":[178],"temperature":[179],"precipitation":[181],"250-m":[183],"remote-sensing":[184],"(i.e.,":[185],"Landsat)-derived":[186],"yearly":[187],"maps":[190],"30-m":[193],"digital":[194],"elevation":[195],"model.":[196],"model":[198],"performance":[199],"was":[200,260,286,301],"moderate":[201],"but":[202],"can":[203],"provide":[204],"insights":[205],"impacts":[209],"extent.":[222],"0\u20130.30":[226,258],"rate":[231],"0.1":[233],"ton":[234,245],"ha\u22121":[235,246],"year\u22121":[236,247],"between":[237,248,282,297],"1850":[238,283],"1938":[240],"0.2":[244],"2002.":[251],"variation":[254],"mainly":[261],"affected":[262],"by":[263],"types":[268],"largest":[271],"found":[273],"forest":[275],"wetland":[277],"Spodosols.":[279],"loss":[281],"most":[287],"likely":[288],"best":[304],"management":[306],"practices":[307],"(e.g.,":[308],"erosion,":[310],"reduced":[311],"tillage,":[312],"crop":[313],"rotation":[314],"use":[316],"legume":[318],"crops).":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-16T09:10:04.655348","created_date":"2019-07-12T00:00:00"}