{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2951165859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121440","title":"Monitoring the Variation of Vegetation Water Content with Machine Learning Methods: Point\u2013Surface Fusion of MODIS Products and GNSS-IR Observations","display_name":"Monitoring the Variation of Vegetation Water Content with Machine Learning Methods: Point\u2013Surface Fusion of MODIS Products and GNSS-IR Observations","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2951165859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121440","mag":"2951165859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11121440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121440","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1440/pdf?version=1561114432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1440/pdf?version=1561114432","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047576305","display_name":"Qiangqiang Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7140-2224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiangqiang Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101699387","display_name":"Shuwen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8822-4185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuwen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082328125","display_name":"Linwei Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8794-2389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linwei Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048117999","display_name":"Tongwen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7197-3713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongwen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114374395","display_name":"Huanfeng Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-1869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanfeng Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","The Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","The Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673818","display_name":"Liangpei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6890-3650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangpei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","The State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082328125"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.6334,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88565796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"1440","last_page":"1440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.6325045228004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5239508152008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5206893682479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5174953937530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5163108706474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4734984040260315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.4640558958053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46309781074523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4526817202568054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43149247765541077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-regression","display_name":"Linear regression","score":0.4230150282382965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.4147518575191498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38285213708877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2345302700996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1529799997806549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.14507949352264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14067643880844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12329703569412231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.1023271381855011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.6325045228004456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5239508152008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5206893682479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5174953937530518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5163108706474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4734984040260315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.4640558958053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46309781074523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4526817202568054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43149247765541077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.4230150282382965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.4147518575191498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38285213708877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2345302700996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1529799997806549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.14507949352264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14067643880844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12329703569412231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.1023271381855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11121440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121440","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1440/pdf?version=1561114432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:83ec7fb5cf514bc2a99949f65759cbd3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/83ec7fb5cf514bc2a99949f65759cbd3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 12, p 1440 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/12/1440/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 12; Pages: 1440","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11121440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121440","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1440/pdf?version=1561114432","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951165859.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1471436312","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1557574124","https://openalex.org/W1629378741","https://openalex.org/W1657789939","https://openalex.org/W1838868886","https://openalex.org/W1860649799","https://openalex.org/W1972955192","https://openalex.org/W1974001932","https://openalex.org/W1978220353","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1990409457","https://openalex.org/W1990484989","https://openalex.org/W1991236946","https://openalex.org/W2006809309","https://openalex.org/W2016214740","https://openalex.org/W2027371372","https://openalex.org/W2028099599","https://openalex.org/W2033275656","https://openalex.org/W2036792540","https://openalex.org/W2039367950","https://openalex.org/W2043528073","https://openalex.org/W2055655489","https://openalex.org/W2068387211","https://openalex.org/W2087831660","https://openalex.org/W2096453255","https://openalex.org/W2099838915","https://openalex.org/W2101322596","https://openalex.org/W2106358609","https://openalex.org/W2117329279","https://openalex.org/W2118319776","https://openalex.org/W2130372754","https://openalex.org/W2131120625","https://openalex.org/W2149723649","https://openalex.org/W2150903529","https://openalex.org/W2158143121","https://openalex.org/W2160496639","https://openalex.org/W2171063647","https://openalex.org/W2179231230","https://openalex.org/W2224070395","https://openalex.org/W2301692565","https://openalex.org/W2342430100","https://openalex.org/W2480175994","https://openalex.org/W2483952379","https://openalex.org/W2765402320","https://openalex.org/W2772052982","https://openalex.org/W2789673541","https://openalex.org/W2791260466","https://openalex.org/W2799775089","https://openalex.org/W2885424385","https://openalex.org/W2888608859","https://openalex.org/W2890015417","https://openalex.org/W2908869678","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W6746859528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207046288","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3023446922","https://openalex.org/W4324030030","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W4385533602","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W3189212133","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W2575795810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vegetation":[0],"water":[1],"content":[2],"(VWC)":[3],"is":[4,254],"recognized":[5],"as":[6,17,34],"an":[7,35],"important":[8,36],"parameter":[9],"in":[10,104,232,264],"vegetation":[11,40,112],"growth":[12],"studies,":[13],"natural":[14],"disasters":[15],"such":[16],"forest":[18,143],"fires,":[19],"and":[20,66,119,141,147,162,205,273,277],"drought":[21,258,275],"prediction.":[22],"Recently,":[23],"the":[24,52,67,71,97,105,109,122,131,173,192,199,206,211,215,219,233,237,247,251,265,269,282],"Global":[25],"Navigation":[26],"Satellite":[27],"System":[28],"Interferometric":[29],"Reflectometry":[30],"(GNSS-IR)":[31],"has":[32],"emerged":[33],"technique":[37],"for":[38],"monitoring":[39],"information.":[41],"The":[42,101,149,166,243],"normalized":[43,110],"microwave":[44],"reflection":[45],"index":[46,113],"(NMRI)":[47],"was":[48],"developed":[49],"to":[50,262],"reflect":[51],"change":[53],"of":[54,73,125,160,164,184,236,250,271],"VWC":[55],"based":[56],"on":[57],"this":[58,76],"fact.":[59],"However,":[60],"NMRI":[61,85,204,224,252],"uses":[62],"local":[63],"site-based":[64],"data,":[65],"sparse":[68],"distribution":[69,249,278],"hinders":[70],"application":[72],"NMRI.":[74],"In":[75],"study,":[77],"we":[78],"obtained":[79,218],"a":[80,169,227,257],"500":[81,228,283],"m":[82,229,284],"spatially":[83],"continuous":[84],"product":[86,253],"by":[87,280],"integrating":[88],"GNSS-IR":[89],"site":[90],"data":[91,103],"with":[92,156,226,256],"other":[93],"VWC-related":[94,208],"products":[95],"using":[96,281],"point\u2013surface":[98],"fusion":[99,106,123,285],"technique.":[100],"auxiliary":[102],"process":[107],"include":[108],"difference":[111],"(NDVI),":[114],"gross":[115],"primary":[116],"productivity":[117],"(GPP),":[118],"precipitation.":[120],"Meanwhile,":[121],"performance":[124],"three":[126],"machine":[127,150,193,212],"learning":[128,151,194,213],"methods,":[129,214],"i.e.,":[130],"back-propagation":[132],"neural":[133,138],"network":[134,139],"(BPNN),":[135],"generalized":[136],"regression":[137,177],"(GRNN),":[140],"random":[142],"(RF)":[144],"are":[145],"compared":[146],"analyzed.":[148],"methods":[152,195],"achieve":[153],"satisfactory":[154],"results,":[155],"cross-validation":[157],"R":[158,181],"values":[159,183],"0.71\u20130.83":[161],"RMSEs":[163],"0.025\u20130.037.":[165],"results":[167,244],"show":[168,245],"clear":[170],"improvement":[171],"over":[172],"traditional":[174],"multiple":[175],"linear":[176],"method,":[178],"which":[179,267],"achieves":[180],"(RMSE)":[182],"only":[185],"about":[186],"0.4":[187],"(0.045).":[188],"It":[189],"indicates":[190],"that":[191,246],"can":[196],"better":[197],"learn":[198],"complex":[200],"nonlinear":[201],"relationship":[202],"between":[203],"input":[207],"index.":[209],"Among":[210],"RF":[216],"model":[217],"best":[220],"results.":[221],"Long":[222],"time-series":[223],"images":[225],"spatial":[230,248],"resolution":[231],"western":[234],"part":[235],"continental":[238],"U.S.":[239],"were":[240],"then":[241],"obtained.":[242],"consistent":[255],"situation":[259],"from":[260],"2012":[261],"2014":[263],"U.S.,":[266],"verifies":[268],"feasibility":[270],"analyzing":[272],"predicting":[274],"times":[276],"ranges":[279],"product.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}