{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2951717977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121411","title":"Classification of Tropical Forest Tree Species Using Meter-Scale Image Data","display_name":"Classification of Tropical Forest Tree Species Using Meter-Scale Image Data","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2951717977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121411","mag":"2951717977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11121411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121411","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1411/pdf?version=1560950858","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1411/pdf?version=1560950858","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068630921","display_name":"Matthew D. Cross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1263-5156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Cross","raw_affiliation_strings":["GES, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GES, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094","https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073975634","display_name":"T. A. Scambos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-6322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161675122","display_name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00bdqav06","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I161675122","https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I2802992173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ted Scambos","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660","https://openalex.org/I161675122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109200667","display_name":"Fabio Pacifici","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Pacifici","raw_affiliation_strings":["DigitalGlobe, Denver, CO 80234, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DigitalGlobe, Denver, CO 80234, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089389832","display_name":"Orlando Vargas-Ramirez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Orlando Vargas-Ramirez","raw_affiliation_strings":["La Selva Biological Station, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, 41001, Costa Rica"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"La Selva Biological Station, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, 41001, Costa Rica","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030273803","display_name":"Rafael Moreno-S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5236-8195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Moreno-Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["GES, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GES, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094","https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050189395","display_name":"Wesley E. Marshall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3106-7342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wesley Marshall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068630921"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094","https://openalex.org/I921990950"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8516,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74998933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"1411","last_page":"1411"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5367329120635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiversity","display_name":"Biodiversity","score":0.4817662239074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4719611406326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-and-subtropical-dry-broadleaf-forests","display_name":"Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests","score":0.4243437349796295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.4151345491409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.32357335090637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.31614553928375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.28956764936447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agroforestry","display_name":"Agroforestry","score":0.2003026008605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.11674916744232178}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5367329120635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.4817662239074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4719611406326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108216600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511668","display_name":"Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests","level":2,"score":0.4243437349796295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.4151345491409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.32357335090637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.31614553928375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.28956764936447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.2003026008605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11674916744232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11121411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121411","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1411/pdf?version=1560950858","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:19d71d0eeab5458bba70e2fc5c12bc2f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/19d71d0eeab5458bba70e2fc5c12bc2f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 12, p 1411 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/12/1411/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 12; Pages: 1411","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:noaa.stacks:noaa:28004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/28004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196172","display_name":"NOAA Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sens. 2019, 11(12), 1411","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11121411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121411","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1411/pdf?version=1560950858","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6982558925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"140G0118C0005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","funder_display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951717977.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2951717977.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92215968","https://openalex.org/W1685317713","https://openalex.org/W1968385740","https://openalex.org/W1969568499","https://openalex.org/W1969697536","https://openalex.org/W1977904037","https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W1998842586","https://openalex.org/W2002765214","https://openalex.org/W2004553299","https://openalex.org/W2012688023","https://openalex.org/W2015208019","https://openalex.org/W2018027183","https://openalex.org/W2020860387","https://openalex.org/W2026383390","https://openalex.org/W2037555104","https://openalex.org/W2042732274","https://openalex.org/W2056052208","https://openalex.org/W2057944383","https://openalex.org/W2059377398","https://openalex.org/W2065283443","https://openalex.org/W2078924026","https://openalex.org/W2083630421","https://openalex.org/W2089302756","https://openalex.org/W2089458048","https://openalex.org/W2090624115","https://openalex.org/W2097192876","https://openalex.org/W2098528582","https://openalex.org/W2100524057","https://openalex.org/W2101051003","https://openalex.org/W2101604360","https://openalex.org/W2109191549","https://openalex.org/W2119879130","https://openalex.org/W2125724410","https://openalex.org/W2132641046","https://openalex.org/W2133613984","https://openalex.org/W2134312403","https://openalex.org/W2138742646","https://openalex.org/W2148878936","https://openalex.org/W2150045166","https://openalex.org/W2150986124","https://openalex.org/W2151426712","https://openalex.org/W2156854396","https://openalex.org/W2164785235","https://openalex.org/W2166661231","https://openalex.org/W2175013224","https://openalex.org/W2273147317","https://openalex.org/W2315957134","https://openalex.org/W2546495187","https://openalex.org/W2617056706","https://openalex.org/W2790531736","https://openalex.org/W2949747604","https://openalex.org/W3021793246","https://openalex.org/W6659845528","https://openalex.org/W6666596178","https://openalex.org/W6731865365","https://openalex.org/W7042566998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571418947","https://openalex.org/W4248048022","https://openalex.org/W4230344035","https://openalex.org/W4320517258","https://openalex.org/W2352375785","https://openalex.org/W1964518132","https://openalex.org/W1564502473","https://openalex.org/W2467209196","https://openalex.org/W1991174116","https://openalex.org/W4394904575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"classification":[1,37,79],"of":[2,19,29,47,94,143,148,182],"tropical":[3,40,66,183,196],"tree":[4,41,90,110],"species":[5,185],"is":[6,32,59,80],"critical":[7],"for":[8,39,52,83,190],"understanding":[9],"forest":[10,13,67,184],"habitat,":[11],"biodiversity,":[12],"composition,":[14],"biomass,":[15],"and":[16,103,120,151,170,187],"the":[17,45,81,84,101,115,135,156],"role":[18],"trees":[20],"in":[21,70,114,126,155,194],"climate":[22],"variability":[23],"through":[24],"carbon":[25],"uptake.":[26],"The":[27,55,173],"aim":[28],"this":[30,53],"study":[31,57],"to":[33,86,100,179],"establish":[34],"an":[35,104,141],"accurate":[36],"procedure":[38],"species,":[42],"specifically":[43],"testing":[44],"feasibility":[46],"WorldView-3":[48,112],"(WV-3)":[49],"multispectral":[50],"imagery":[51,158],"task.":[54],"specific":[56],"site":[58],"a":[60,64,160,177,195],"defined":[61,108],"arboretum":[62],"within":[63],"well-known":[65],"research":[68],"location":[69],"Costa":[71],"Rica":[72],"(La":[73],"Selva":[74],"Biological":[75],"Station).":[76],"An":[77],"object-based":[78],"basis":[82],"analysis":[85],"classify":[87],"six":[88],"selected":[89,136],"species.":[91,137],"A":[92],"combination":[93],"pre-processed":[95],"WV-3":[96],"bands":[97,113],"were":[98],"inputs":[99],"classification,":[102],"edge":[105],"segmentation":[106,164],"process":[107],"multi-pixel-scale":[109],"canopies.":[111],"Green,":[116],"Red,":[117],"Red":[118],"Edge,":[119],"Near-Infrared":[121],"2,":[122],"particularly":[123],"when":[124],"incorporated":[125],"two":[127],"specialized":[128],"vegetation":[129],"indices,":[130],"provide":[131],"high":[132],"discrimination":[133],"among":[134],"Classification":[138],"results":[139],"yield":[140],"accuracy":[142,165],"85.37%,":[144],"with":[145],"minimal":[146],"errors":[147],"commission":[149],"(7.89%)":[150],"omission":[152],"(14.63%).":[153],"Shadowing":[154],"satellite":[157],"had":[159],"significant":[161],"effect":[162],"on":[163,171],"(identifying":[166],"single-species":[167],"canopy":[168],"tops)":[169],"classification.":[172],"methodology":[174],"presented":[175],"provides":[176],"path":[178],"better":[180],"characterization":[181],"distribution":[186],"overall":[188],"composition":[189],"improving":[191],"biomass":[192],"studies":[193],"environment.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2019-06-27T00:00:00"}
