{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946378069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101239","title":"Winter Wheat Canopy Height Extraction from UAV-Based Point Cloud Data with a Moving Cuboid Filter","display_name":"Winter Wheat Canopy Height Extraction from UAV-Based Point Cloud Data with a Moving Cuboid Filter","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946378069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101239","mag":"2946378069"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11101239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1239/pdf?version=1558687363","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1239/pdf?version=1558687363","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030373820","display_name":"Yang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5229-1781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006022882","display_name":"Jinfei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8404-0530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinfei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006022882"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.8902,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93288171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"10","first_page":"1239","last_page":"1239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.78541499376297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6247884035110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.6001835465431213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuboid","display_name":"Cuboid","score":0.5773329138755798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4843515157699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4726891815662384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4526101350784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.4179471433162689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.39693740010261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3222442865371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.18552112579345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1546039879322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14936870336532593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11839330196380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.10753512382507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.07085904479026794}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.78541499376297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6247884035110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.6001835465431213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203527163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262959","display_name":"Cuboid","level":2,"score":0.5773329138755798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4843515157699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4726891815662384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4526101350784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.4179471433162689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39693740010261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3222442865371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.18552112579345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1546039879322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14936870336532593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11839330196380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.10753512382507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07085904479026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11101239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1239/pdf?version=1558687363","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fbcfde43a00e48658fe5eed056588166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fbcfde43a00e48658fe5eed056588166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 10, p 1239 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/10/1239/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11101239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 10; Pages: 1239","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11101239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1239/pdf?version=1558687363","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3940606240","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SOAR-E-5489","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334436","funder_display_name":"Canadian Space Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3969759488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","funder_display_name":"Mitacs"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6342814090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Discovery Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7910192003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IT09760","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","funder_display_name":"Mitacs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334436","display_name":"Canadian Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1gte98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946378069.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2946378069.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30209551","https://openalex.org/W576304745","https://openalex.org/W1822357580","https://openalex.org/W1872620973","https://openalex.org/W1902799669","https://openalex.org/W1969234587","https://openalex.org/W1991739869","https://openalex.org/W1994968123","https://openalex.org/W1998540072","https://openalex.org/W2000868508","https://openalex.org/W2003105677","https://openalex.org/W2023138554","https://openalex.org/W2027254180","https://openalex.org/W2049492608","https://openalex.org/W2053515681","https://openalex.org/W2063236114","https://openalex.org/W2074464158","https://openalex.org/W2090357814","https://openalex.org/W2107037534","https://openalex.org/W2110671497","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2151499786","https://openalex.org/W2167781624","https://openalex.org/W2207055384","https://openalex.org/W2220047061","https://openalex.org/W2228868988","https://openalex.org/W2272083780","https://openalex.org/W2298473705","https://openalex.org/W2342626385","https://openalex.org/W2473706541","https://openalex.org/W2479539523","https://openalex.org/W2502394744","https://openalex.org/W2515331020","https://openalex.org/W2558860895","https://openalex.org/W2558992723","https://openalex.org/W2566809385","https://openalex.org/W2592745428","https://openalex.org/W2596862155","https://openalex.org/W2737250466","https://openalex.org/W2742612991","https://openalex.org/W2744957585","https://openalex.org/W2793011177","https://openalex.org/W2804043218","https://openalex.org/W2886903425","https://openalex.org/W2894669900","https://openalex.org/W2903422738","https://openalex.org/W2906672720","https://openalex.org/W2910066819","https://openalex.org/W2942596900","https://openalex.org/W4244856968","https://openalex.org/W6601236186","https://openalex.org/W6649676284","https://openalex.org/W6664087751","https://openalex.org/W6688860838","https://openalex.org/W6697491216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387231455","https://openalex.org/W2036512149","https://openalex.org/W2329792127","https://openalex.org/W3099045389","https://openalex.org/W2388061575","https://openalex.org/W2374882918","https://openalex.org/W1991123685","https://openalex.org/W1988116883","https://openalex.org/W2559242806","https://openalex.org/W2391761581"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Plant":[0],"height":[1,53,70,149,169,191,222,241],"can":[2,265],"be":[3,34,235,260,266],"used":[4,35,236,268],"as":[5],"an":[6,65,261],"indicator":[7],"to":[8,36,63,88,118,209,218,237,269,272],"estimate":[9],"crop":[10,38,48,148,240],"phenology":[11],"and":[12,43,83,115,155,181,276],"biomass.":[13],"The":[14,57,122,162,189],"Unmanned":[15],"Aerial":[16],"Vehicle":[17],"(UAV)-based":[18],"point":[19,49,75,96,125],"cloud":[20,50,76,97],"data":[21,51,98],"derived":[22],"from":[23,45,72,152,201],"photogrammetry":[24],"methods":[25],"contains":[26],"the":[27,46,95,128,134,139,143,147,153,202,205,210,213,221,229,239,256],"structural":[28],"information":[29],"of":[30,59,124,136,178,186,204,212,223,242,253],"crops":[31,275],"which":[32],"could":[33,234,259],"retrieve":[37,238],"height.":[39],"However,":[40],"removing":[41],"noise":[42,120],"outliers":[44],"UAV-based":[47,73],"for":[52,68,168,194,281],"extraction":[54,170],"is":[55,62,99,110,130,150],"challenging.":[56],"objective":[58],"this":[60,92,198,232,247],"paper":[61],"develop":[64],"alternative":[66],"method":[67,82,164,199,233,248,263],"canopy":[69,190],"determination":[71],"3D":[74,103,160],"datasets":[77],"using":[78,197],"a":[79,84,106],"statistical":[80],"analysis":[81],"moving":[85,107,144],"cuboid":[86,108,145],"filter":[87,109,129],"remove":[89],"outliers.":[90],"In":[91,245],"method,":[93],"first,":[94],"divided":[100],"into":[101],"many":[102],"columns.":[104],"Secondly,":[105],"applied":[111],"in":[112,127,138,158,255],"each":[113,159],"column":[114],"moved":[116],"downward":[117],"eliminate":[119],"points.":[121],"threshold":[123],"numbers":[126],"calculated":[131,151],"based":[132],"on":[133],"distribution":[135],"points":[137,157],"column.":[140,161],"After":[141],"applying":[142],"filter,":[146],"highest":[154],"lowest":[156],"proposed":[163],"achieved":[165],"high":[166],"accuracy":[167],"with":[171],"low":[172],"Root":[173],"Mean":[174,182],"Square":[175],"Error":[176,184],"(RMSE)":[177],"6.37":[179],"cm":[180],"Absolute":[183],"(MAE)":[185],"5.07":[187],"cm.":[188],"monitoring":[192],"window":[193],"winter":[195,243],"wheat":[196,224],"starts":[200],"beginning":[203],"stem":[206],"extension":[207],"stage":[208,215],"end":[211],"heading":[214,230],"(BBCH":[216],"31":[217],"65).":[219],"Since":[220],"has":[225],"limited":[226],"change":[227],"after":[228],"stage,":[231],"wheat.":[244],"addition,":[246],"only":[249],"requires":[250],"one":[251],"operation":[252],"UAV":[254],"field.":[257],"It":[258],"effective":[262],"that":[264],"widely":[267],"help":[270],"end-user":[271],"monitor":[273],"their":[274],"support":[277],"real-time":[278],"decision":[279],"making":[280],"farm":[282],"management.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}