{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945062605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101179","title":"An Improved Ball Pivot Algorithm-Based Ground Filtering Mechanism for LiDAR Data","display_name":"An Improved Ball Pivot Algorithm-Based Ground Filtering Mechanism for LiDAR Data","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945062605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101179","mag":"2945062605"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11101179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101179","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1179/pdf?version=1558093315","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1179/pdf?version=1558093315","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014081936","display_name":"Wei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4077-5372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","Key Laboratory for Geo-Environment Monitoring of Coastal Zone of the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and GeoInformation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Geo-Environment Monitoring of Coastal Zone of the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and GeoInformation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404067","display_name":"Qingquan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2438-6046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingquan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","Key Laboratory for Geo-Environment Monitoring of Coastal Zone of the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and GeoInformation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Geo-Environment Monitoring of Coastal Zone of the National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and GeoInformation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100404067"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.602,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80681332,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"10","first_page":"1179","last_page":"1179"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7186196446418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6597014665603638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.6387388706207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.5748609900474548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5550718307495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.546721339225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5368018746376038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.5290378928184509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5081031322479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ball","display_name":"Ball (mathematics)","score":0.4814557433128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4506792724132538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36793074011802673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21488749980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2083289623260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.18238797783851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.11499002575874329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08427727222442627}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7186196446418762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6597014665603638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.6387388706207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.5748609900474548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5550718307495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.546721339225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5368018746376038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.5290378928184509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5081031322479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122041747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838611","display_name":"Ball (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4814557433128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4506792724132538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36793074011802673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21488749980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2083289623260498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.18238797783851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.11499002575874329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08427727222442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11101179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101179","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1179/pdf?version=1558093315","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:beafcd6ad3ce4102b580d260b0d8444a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/beafcd6ad3ce4102b580d260b0d8444a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 10, p 1179 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11101179","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101179","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1179/pdf?version=1558093315","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1477544716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guangdong","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2981938667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Shenzhen","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3162017210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201803","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3242282406","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017A030310544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3704766468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B0502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3757194791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5685664964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0502203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6968067436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017A03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8180621084","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41701519","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325571","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945062605.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945062605.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84227776","https://openalex.org/W1974696470","https://openalex.org/W1984464677","https://openalex.org/W2010980358","https://openalex.org/W2016102955","https://openalex.org/W2030359906","https://openalex.org/W2034546021","https://openalex.org/W2035553864","https://openalex.org/W2055427875","https://openalex.org/W2056769281","https://openalex.org/W2064577520","https://openalex.org/W2065438578","https://openalex.org/W2069251347","https://openalex.org/W2075565810","https://openalex.org/W2078290150","https://openalex.org/W2083260484","https://openalex.org/W2091168295","https://openalex.org/W2104998606","https://openalex.org/W2112188271","https://openalex.org/W2121535648","https://openalex.org/W2127015718","https://openalex.org/W2144650681","https://openalex.org/W2151631165","https://openalex.org/W2171955353","https://openalex.org/W2185206735","https://openalex.org/W2229319020","https://openalex.org/W2277555957","https://openalex.org/W2322716129","https://openalex.org/W2436494909","https://openalex.org/W2482292354","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2513368886","https://openalex.org/W2515344238","https://openalex.org/W2516282711","https://openalex.org/W2572696731","https://openalex.org/W2588436301","https://openalex.org/W2593120185","https://openalex.org/W2757208835","https://openalex.org/W2760923572","https://openalex.org/W2791006446","https://openalex.org/W2792827505","https://openalex.org/W6603383834","https://openalex.org/W6722031859","https://openalex.org/W6744637225","https://openalex.org/W6749515776","https://openalex.org/W6987583870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376","https://openalex.org/W4320725409","https://openalex.org/W2014835793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"ground":[1,23,63,226],"filtering":[2,64],"is":[3,38,44,74,212,220],"an":[4,68],"essential":[5],"step":[6],"for":[7,53,176,202,225],"Digital":[8],"Elevation":[9],"Model":[10],"(DEM)":[11],"generation,":[12],"which":[13],"has":[14],"significant":[15],"application":[16],"value.":[17],"However,":[18],"extraction":[19],"and":[20,29,134,178,200,223],"classification":[21],"of":[22,50,129,157,197],"points":[24,121,131,152],"from":[25],"the":[26,48,77,79,91,104,114,123,127,130,143,147,162,168,173,209],"Light":[27],"Detection":[28],"Ranging":[30],"(LiDAR)":[31],"data,":[32],"especially":[33],"in":[34,98,195],"multitudinous":[35],"terrain":[36,216],"situations,":[37,217],"a":[39,61,109,137,189],"challenging":[40],"task":[41],"because":[42],"it":[43,219],"difficult":[45],"to":[46,107,119,142,214],"determine":[47],"set":[49],"optimal":[51],"parameters":[52],"removing":[54],"various":[55,215],"non-ground":[56,151],"features.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59],"paper,":[60],"new":[62,138],"technique":[65],"based":[66,89],"on":[67,90,122,167],"improved":[69,115,158],"Ball":[70],"Pivot":[71],"Algorithm":[72],"(BPA)":[73],"proposed.":[75],"At":[76],"beginning,":[78],"LiDAR":[80],"point":[81,97,106,140],"cloud":[82],"dataset":[83,170],"was":[84,101,117],"divided":[85],"into":[86],"different":[87],"subsets":[88],"2D":[92],"regular":[93],"grid.":[94],"The":[95,205],"lowest":[96],"each":[99],"grid":[100],"selected":[102,135],"as":[103,136,218],"seed":[105,139],"build":[108],"single-layer":[110],"surface.":[111,149],"After":[112],"that,":[113],"BPA":[116,159],"executed":[118],"remove":[120],"higher":[124],"location.":[125],"Then,":[126],"rest":[128],"were":[132,153],"calculated":[133],"according":[141],"spatial":[144],"relationship":[145],"with":[146],"initial":[148],"Finally,":[150],"filtered":[154],"by":[155,172],"means":[156],"traversing":[160],"all":[161],"grids.":[163],"Our":[164],"experimental":[165,206],"results":[166,207],"Benchmark":[169],"provided":[171],"International":[174],"Society":[175],"Photogrammetry":[177],"Remote":[179],"Sensing":[180],"(ISPRS)":[181],"Working":[182],"Group":[183],"III/3":[184],"showed":[185],"high":[186],"accuracy":[187],"(with":[188],"mean":[190],"kappa":[191],"coefficient":[192],"over":[193],"80%)":[194],"terms":[196],"completeness,":[198],"correctness,":[199],"quality":[201],"DEM":[203],"generation.":[204],"demonstrated":[208],"proposed":[210],"method":[211],"robust":[213],"more":[221],"effective":[222],"feasible":[224],"filtering.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}