{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2944636506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091075","title":"Step-Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar for Agricultural Soil Morphology Characterisation","display_name":"Step-Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar for Agricultural Soil Morphology Characterisation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2944636506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091075","mag":"2944636506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11091075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091075","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/9/1075/pdf?version=1557216746","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/9/1075/pdf?version=1557216746","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103058616","display_name":"Federico Lombardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6626-7109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Federico Lombardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058401814","display_name":"Maurizio Lualdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6660-2790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Lualdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103058616"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.3535,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87157305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"9","first_page":"1075","last_page":"1075"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.7777332067489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.6691287755966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6192952394485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-content","display_name":"Water content","score":0.5484620928764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-texture","display_name":"Soil texture","score":0.5190451741218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5015115737915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4823686182498932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.4321097433567047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.4283546209335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.35255348682403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.32770150899887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.32324764132499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water","display_name":"Soil water","score":0.31852078437805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.19037336111068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.16379764676094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12282434105873108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.11456087231636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0835612416267395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.7777332067489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.6691287755966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6192952394485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.5484620928764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175963888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5026010","display_name":"Soil texture","level":3,"score":0.5190451741218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5015115737915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4823686182498932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4321097433567047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.4283546209335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.35255348682403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.32770150899887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.32324764132499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.31852078437805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19037336111068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16379764676094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12282434105873108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.11456087231636047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0835612416267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11091075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091075","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/9/1075/pdf?version=1557216746","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d7cdb06b1aa243c89ec63f5ea559f4a6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d7cdb06b1aa243c89ec63f5ea559f4a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 9, p 1075 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10077248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10077248/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   Remote Sensing , 11  (9)    , Article 1075. (2019)      ","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/9/1075/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 9; Pages: 1075","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1086402","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1086402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11091075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091075","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/9/1075/pdf?version=1557216746","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6821202845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"145427","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326078","funder_display_name":"Regione Lombardia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326078","display_name":"Regione Lombardia","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2944636506.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2944636506.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40397213","https://openalex.org/W250201754","https://openalex.org/W1657726692","https://openalex.org/W1861428648","https://openalex.org/W1963692058","https://openalex.org/W1966837944","https://openalex.org/W1966883763","https://openalex.org/W1980826511","https://openalex.org/W1995439525","https://openalex.org/W1996957673","https://openalex.org/W1998742682","https://openalex.org/W1998768064","https://openalex.org/W2006946946","https://openalex.org/W2007646737","https://openalex.org/W2008440636","https://openalex.org/W2008833378","https://openalex.org/W2012441072","https://openalex.org/W2018600958","https://openalex.org/W2025860092","https://openalex.org/W2025966616","https://openalex.org/W2027743653","https://openalex.org/W2033689541","https://openalex.org/W2040595082","https://openalex.org/W2041154953","https://openalex.org/W2047231326","https://openalex.org/W2048322378","https://openalex.org/W2050993314","https://openalex.org/W2062242661","https://openalex.org/W2069209512","https://openalex.org/W2074863423","https://openalex.org/W2075512496","https://openalex.org/W2076094691","https://openalex.org/W2081239232","https://openalex.org/W2085061837","https://openalex.org/W2085344215","https://openalex.org/W2086854469","https://openalex.org/W2088382656","https://openalex.org/W2115528551","https://openalex.org/W2120539325","https://openalex.org/W2138087025","https://openalex.org/W2145488820","https://openalex.org/W2148612400","https://openalex.org/W2155992625","https://openalex.org/W2159865130","https://openalex.org/W2161963511","https://openalex.org/W2205945645","https://openalex.org/W2277822291","https://openalex.org/W2320287953","https://openalex.org/W2332422343","https://openalex.org/W2343903805","https://openalex.org/W2548207420","https://openalex.org/W2587744615","https://openalex.org/W2617720975","https://openalex.org/W2745857202","https://openalex.org/W2762126600","https://openalex.org/W2772753146","https://openalex.org/W2892370020","https://openalex.org/W2914948879","https://openalex.org/W3149976863","https://openalex.org/W4240581353"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W1901778226","https://openalex.org/W2042537404"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Soil":[0],"morphology":[1],"plays":[2],"a":[3,50,88,98],"fundamental":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,49,135,209,224,230],"the":[7,32,42,72,75,79,95,112,120,126,130,162,167,173,189,195,204,210,216,228],"vertical":[8],"and":[9,14,26,54,71,149,158,184,215],"lateral":[10],"movements":[11],"of":[12,22,35,44,74,97,129,142,161,176,179,212,218],"solutes":[13],"water":[15],"transport,":[16],"providing":[17],"knowledge":[18],"regarding":[19,125],"spatial":[20],"distribution":[21],"its":[23,136],"textural":[24],"properties":[25,178,223],"subsurface":[27,131,196],"dynamics.":[28],"In":[29,78],"this":[30],"framework,":[31],"measured":[33],"values":[34],"electrical":[36,127],"conductivity":[37],"are":[38,56,84,182],"able":[39],"to":[40,86,108,192,226],"reveal":[41],"heterogeneity":[43],"soil":[45,65,181,232],"that":[46,115,172,202,220],"is":[47,141,191],"present":[48],"particular":[51],"agricultural":[52],"field":[53],"they":[55],"affected":[57],"by":[58],"more":[59],"than":[60],"one":[61],"important":[62],"physical":[63],"characteristic:":[64],"texture,":[66],"organic":[67],"matter,":[68],"moisture":[69],"content,":[70],"depth":[73],"clay":[76],"pan.":[77],"microwave":[80],"region,":[81],"these":[82,116],"dynamics":[83],"known":[85],"exhibit":[87],"frequency":[89,174],"dependent":[90],"behaviour.":[91],"This":[92,139],"study":[93],"explores":[94],"application":[96],"Step":[99],"Frequency":[100],"Continuous":[101],"Wave":[102],"Ground":[103],"Penetrating":[104],"Radar":[105],"(SFCW":[106],"GPR)":[107],"shed":[109],"light":[110],"on":[111,119,166],"practical":[113],"impact":[114],"dependencies":[117],"have":[118],"imaging":[121],"results,":[122],"not":[123],"only":[124],"characterisation":[128],"morphology,":[132],"but":[133],"also":[134,200],"correct":[137],"interpretation.":[138],"information":[140],"notable":[143],"importance":[144],"for":[145],"determining":[146],"water-use":[147],"efficiency":[148],"planning":[150],"precision-agriculture":[151],"programs.":[152],"The":[153,198],"results":[154],"clearly":[155],"show":[156],"visible":[157],"significant":[159,183],"fluctuations":[160],"amplitude":[163],"levels,":[164],"depending":[165],"considered":[168],"central":[169],"frequency,":[170],"demonstrating":[171],"dependence":[175],"electromagnetic":[177],"heterogeneous":[180],"cannot":[185],"be":[186],"ignored":[187],"if":[188],"aim":[190],"properly":[193],"define":[194],"attributes.":[197],"measurements":[199],"suggest":[201],"correlating":[203],"delineated":[205],"variations":[206],"might":[207],"help":[208],"identification":[211],"extended":[213],"features":[214],"classification":[217],"areas":[219],"possess":[221],"similar":[222],"order":[225],"increase":[227],"confidence":[229],"monitoring":[231],"resources.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2019-05-16T00:00:00"}