{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2943298252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019","title":"Energy Efficient and Delay Aware 5G Multi-Tier Network","display_name":"Energy Efficient and Delay Aware 5G Multi-Tier Network","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2943298252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019","mag":"2943298252"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11091019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/9/1019/pdf?version=1557297209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/9/1019/pdf?version=1557297209","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053895504","display_name":"Nahina Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5469-8104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74899385","display_name":"Central Queensland University","ror":"https://ror.org/023q4bk22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74899385"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nahina Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5469-8104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74899385"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031996342","display_name":"Ammar Alazab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9443-937X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Alazab","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003350311","display_name":"Johnson I. Agbinya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4569-7856"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johnson Agbinya","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053895504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74899385"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.4843,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64825679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"9","first_page":"1019","last_page":"1019"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.762874960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handover","display_name":"Handover","score":0.6843511462211609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6688990592956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6557402014732361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6397283673286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.6117335557937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5681211948394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.5643648505210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-mode","display_name":"Sleep mode","score":0.5510894060134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.5483059883117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4566795229911804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4407891631126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.41724759340286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4089716076850891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.407679945230484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.40444979071617126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3161875605583191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.2726285457611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.21803605556488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1604975461959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09685993194580078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.762874960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111852164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414679","display_name":"Handover","level":2,"score":0.6843511462211609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6688990592956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6557402014732361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6397283673286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.6117335557937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5681211948394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.5643648505210876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57149124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587346","display_name":"Sleep mode","level":4,"score":0.5510894060134888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.5483059883117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4566795229911804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4407891631126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.41724759340286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4089716076850891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.407679945230484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40444979071617126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3161875605583191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.2726285457611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.21803605556488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1604975461959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09685993194580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11091019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/9/1019/pdf?version=1557297209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:acquire.cqu.edu.au:cqu:18920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.cqu.edu.au/10018/1313950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400635","display_name":"Acquire (CQUniversity)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74899385","host_organization_name":"Central Queensland University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74899385"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Islam, N, Alazab, A, Agbinya, J, (2019). Energy efficient and delay aware 5G multi-tier network. Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, No. 9,  p. 1-16 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:vital:16703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/185551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400234","display_name":"FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210158496","host_organization_name":"Australian Federation of University Women \u2013 South Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158496"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f96d7537c2c743d9ab175c0b60ef7a26","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f96d7537c2c743d9ab175c0b60ef7a26","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 9, p 1019 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/13451867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Energy_efficient_and_delay_aware_5G_multi-tier_network/13451867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11091019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/9/1019/pdf?version=1557297209","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2943298252.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2943298252.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975354693","https://openalex.org/W1988088394","https://openalex.org/W2016925770","https://openalex.org/W2023694506","https://openalex.org/W2039715289","https://openalex.org/W2061382837","https://openalex.org/W2082536330","https://openalex.org/W2099295294","https://openalex.org/W2112170521","https://openalex.org/W2121784749","https://openalex.org/W2133007332","https://openalex.org/W2145590976","https://openalex.org/W2555132091","https://openalex.org/W2806517281","https://openalex.org/W2898459288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2559589777","https://openalex.org/W2122658093","https://openalex.org/W4249439626","https://openalex.org/W2129068897","https://openalex.org/W2772719921","https://openalex.org/W2185556644","https://openalex.org/W2142563711","https://openalex.org/W2903280542","https://openalex.org/W2050058846","https://openalex.org/W1978031823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-tier":[0],"heterogeneous":[1],"Networks":[2],"(HetNets)":[3],"with":[4,145],"dense":[5],"deployment":[6],"of":[7,95,119,156],"small":[8],"cells":[9],"in":[10,28,60,108,150,154],"5G":[11,62,109],"networks":[12,63],"are":[13,33],"expected":[14],"to":[15,37,66,87],"effectively":[16],"meet":[17],"the":[18,102,117,120,124,140,146],"ever":[19],"increasing":[20],"data":[21],"traffic":[22,126],"demands":[23],"and":[24,53,105,159],"offer":[25],"improved":[26],"coverage":[27],"indoor":[29],"environments.":[30],"However,":[31],"HetNets":[32],"raising":[34],"major":[35],"concerns":[36],"mobile":[38],"network":[39],"operators":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42],"complex":[43],"distributed":[44],"control":[45],"plane":[46],"management,":[47],"handover":[48],"management":[49],"issue,":[50],"increases":[51],"latency":[52,107],"increased":[54],"energy":[55,74,103,157],"expenditures.":[56,75],"Sleep":[57],"mode":[58],"implementation":[59],"multi-tier":[61],"has":[64],"proven":[65],"be":[67],"a":[68,79,96,129,151],"very":[69],"good":[70],"approach":[71,113],"for":[72,100],"reducing":[73,106],"In":[76],"this":[77],"paper,":[78],"Markov":[80],"Decision":[81],"Process":[82],"(MDP)-based":[83],"algorithm":[84,143],"is":[85],"proposed":[86,141],"switch":[88],"between":[89,116],"three":[90],"different":[91],"power":[92],"consumption":[93],"modes":[94],"base":[97],"station":[98],"(BS)":[99],"improving":[101],"efficiency":[104,158],"networks.":[110],"The":[111],"MDP-based":[112],"intelligently":[114],"switches":[115],"states":[118],"BS":[121],"based":[122],"on":[123],"offered":[125],"while":[127],"maintaining":[128],"prescribed":[130],"minimum":[131],"channel":[132],"rate":[133],"per":[134],"user.":[135],"Simulation":[136],"results":[137,149],"show":[138],"that":[139],"MDP":[142],"together":[144],"three-state":[147],"BSs":[148],"significant":[152],"gain":[153],"terms":[155],"latency.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
