{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2942119977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11080947","title":"An Iterative Coarse-to-Fine Sub-Sampling Method for Density Reduction of Terrain Point Clouds","display_name":"An Iterative Coarse-to-Fine Sub-Sampling Method for Density Reduction of Terrain Point Clouds","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2942119977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11080947","mag":"2942119977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11080947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11080947","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/8/947/pdf?version=1556348766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/8/947/pdf?version=1556348766","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047770079","display_name":"Lei Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-4684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China","The Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000622487","display_name":"Peter M. Atkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5489-6880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter M. Atkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YR, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YR, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047770079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.6864,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67402315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"8","first_page":"947","last_page":"947"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.980400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8640727996826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.8047440648078918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6479703187942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6276947259902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5080933570861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-reduction","display_name":"Data reduction","score":0.4824860394001007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4391356110572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.43724146485328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-processing","display_name":"Data processing","score":0.4286488890647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4139217436313629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.37885984778404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.37146544456481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.357006698846817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.2847066819667816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19486212730407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.19375896453857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17703145742416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.13667744398117065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11371451616287231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11333897709846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.09121569991111755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.07895800471305847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8640727996826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.8047440648078918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6479703187942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6276947259902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5080933570861816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153914771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227343","display_name":"Data reduction","level":2,"score":0.4824860394001007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4391356110572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.43724146485328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.4286488890647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4139217436313629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.37885984778404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.37146544456481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.357006698846817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2847066819667816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19486212730407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.19375896453857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17703145742416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.13667744398117065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11371451616287231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11333897709846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.09121569991111755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.07895800471305847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11080947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11080947","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/8/947/pdf?version=1556348766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:91a2f27a1620436e9609fa21cc47386a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/91a2f27a1620436e9609fa21cc47386a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 8, p 947 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/8/947/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11080947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 8; Pages: 947","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11080947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11080947","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/8/947/pdf?version=1556348766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2653688835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EAR-1043051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337403","funder_display_name":"Division of Earth Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5144052087","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EAR-1043051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921281487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6901670787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1226353","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G696288029","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1043051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7779764524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20160393","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8533998425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1225810","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337403","display_name":"Division of Earth Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05v01mk25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2942119977.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2942119977.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500135569","https://openalex.org/W1555985184","https://openalex.org/W1599920422","https://openalex.org/W1963874488","https://openalex.org/W1978955804","https://openalex.org/W1982157247","https://openalex.org/W1985896998","https://openalex.org/W1994184337","https://openalex.org/W1996475816","https://openalex.org/W2018680491","https://openalex.org/W2019055789","https://openalex.org/W2034261862","https://openalex.org/W2038339669","https://openalex.org/W2046848292","https://openalex.org/W2058712265","https://openalex.org/W2071414858","https://openalex.org/W2083453336","https://openalex.org/W2092924074","https://openalex.org/W2114746181","https://openalex.org/W2120612314","https://openalex.org/W2135249503","https://openalex.org/W2157008500","https://openalex.org/W2325115425","https://openalex.org/W2369619772","https://openalex.org/W2399348288","https://openalex.org/W2610213140","https://openalex.org/W2760667226","https://openalex.org/W2887004532","https://openalex.org/W2949699301","https://openalex.org/W2963094037","https://openalex.org/W7049100320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399671601","https://openalex.org/W1992962589","https://openalex.org/W3032871857","https://openalex.org/W1743191351","https://openalex.org/W3104633800","https://openalex.org/W3023567978","https://openalex.org/W3044778482","https://openalex.org/W2392034603","https://openalex.org/W134453586","https://openalex.org/W3030452487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Point":[0],"clouds":[1,73,114],"obtained":[2],"from":[3],"laser":[4],"scanning":[5],"techniques":[6],"are":[7],"now":[8],"a":[9,51,85,103],"standard":[10],"type":[11],"of":[12,34,102,124,139],"spatial":[13,120],"data":[14,25,39,43,61,77,94],"for":[15,26,50,90,148],"characterising":[16],"terrain":[17,104,116],"surfaces.":[18],"Some":[19],"have":[20],"been":[21],"shared":[22],"as":[23],"open":[24,145],"free":[27,36],"access.":[28],"A":[29],"problem":[30],"with":[31,118],"the":[32,42,70,98,125,137],"use":[33],"these":[35],"point":[37,72,92,113,149],"cloud":[38,93,150],"is":[40,109,129],"that":[41],"density":[44,78],"may":[45],"be":[46,80],"more":[47,74],"than":[48],"necessary":[49],"given":[52],"application,":[53],"leading":[54],"to":[55,68],"higher":[56],"computational":[57],"cost":[58],"in":[59,136,144],"subsequent":[60],"processing":[62],"and":[63,131],"visualisation.":[64],"In":[65],"such":[66],"cases,":[67],"make":[69],"dense":[71],"manageable,":[75],"their":[76],"can":[79],"reduced.":[81],"This":[82],"research":[83],"proposes":[84],"new":[86],"coarse-to-fine":[87,127],"sub-sampling":[88,141],"method":[89,107,128],"reducing":[91],"density,":[95],"which":[96],"honours":[97],"local":[99],"surface":[100],"complexity":[101],"surface.":[105],"The":[106,122],"proposed":[108],"tested":[110],"using":[111],"four":[112],"representing":[115],"surfaces":[117],"distinct":[119],"characteristics.":[121],"effectiveness":[123],"iterative":[126],"evaluated":[130],"compared":[132],"against":[133],"several":[134],"benchmarks":[135],"form":[138],"typical":[140],"methods":[142],"available":[143],"source":[146],"software":[147],"processing.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}