{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2937615289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070883","title":"3-D Convolution-Recurrent Networks for Spectral-Spatial Classification of Hyperspectral Images","display_name":"3-D Convolution-Recurrent Networks for Spectral-Spatial Classification of Hyperspectral Images","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2937615289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070883","mag":"2937615289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070883","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/883/pdf?version=1554986114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/883/pdf?version=1554986114","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024384139","display_name":"Majid Seydgar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-5259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39268498","display_name":"University of Isfahan","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9t7759","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majid Seydgar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067583353","display_name":"Amin Alizadeh Naeini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-6245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39268498","display_name":"University of Isfahan","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9t7759","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amin Alizadeh Naeini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100442192","display_name":"Mengmeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5724-9785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75390827","display_name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00df5yc52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengmeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100317994","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7015-7335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053578711","display_name":"Mehran Satari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9607-7085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39268498","display_name":"University of Isfahan","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9t7759","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehran Satari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067583353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39268498"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":4.4786,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94752624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"7","first_page":"883","last_page":"883"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.960099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.8390957117080688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8220776915550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7511045932769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7365283370018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6872704029083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6282169818878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.5392171144485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5264015197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.49226704239845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.47577396035194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4262509346008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.24322164058685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.22019729018211365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06993094086647034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.8390957117080688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8220776915550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7511045932769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7365283370018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6872704029083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6282169818878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5392171144485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5264015197753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49226704239845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.47577396035194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4262509346008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.24322164058685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.22019729018211365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06993094086647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070883","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/883/pdf?version=1554986114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0745de1bc6b748738669c377061eee58","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0745de1bc6b748738669c377061eee58","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 7, p 883 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/7/883/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 7; Pages: 883","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070883","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070883","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/883/pdf?version=1554986114","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2937615289.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2937615289.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1521436688","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1815076433","https://openalex.org/W1895577753","https://openalex.org/W1966580635","https://openalex.org/W1983364832","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2059089906","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2069143585","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2090424610","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2101711129","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2115451191","https://openalex.org/W2127495569","https://openalex.org/W2131864940","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2164330327","https://openalex.org/W2166661231","https://openalex.org/W2293634267","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2519653196","https://openalex.org/W2548791488","https://openalex.org/W2572303978","https://openalex.org/W2592141703","https://openalex.org/W2600746131","https://openalex.org/W2602024454","https://openalex.org/W2719511702","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2765739551","https://openalex.org/W2768975974","https://openalex.org/W2772452219","https://openalex.org/W2789643644","https://openalex.org/W2791006446","https://openalex.org/W2799390666","https://openalex.org/W2803948506","https://openalex.org/W2806437580","https://openalex.org/W2887596409","https://openalex.org/W2887785636","https://openalex.org/W2891078019","https://openalex.org/W2894165434","https://openalex.org/W2900103059","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W4300633279","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6754352502"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W2027399350","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W4313014865","https://openalex.org/W2019190440","https://openalex.org/W2343470940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"3-D":[1,32,74,138,226],"convolutional":[2,65],"neural":[3],"networks":[4],"(3-D":[5],"CNN)":[6],"have":[7],"attracted":[8],"lots":[9],"of":[10,16,31,47,88,112,128,160,202,219],"attention":[11],"in":[12,115,165],"the":[13,23,28,44,48,62,73,85,99,101,126,135,153,161,166,169,172,180,185,200,203,211,220,225,230,234,244],"spectral-spatial":[14,103,146],"classification":[15],"hyperspectral":[17],"imageries":[18],"(HSI).":[19],"In":[20,98,134],"this":[21,36,89,119],"model,":[22],"feed-forward":[24],"processing":[25],"structure":[26],"reduces":[27,233],"computational":[29,86,109,236],"burden":[30,87,110],"structural":[33,75],"processing.":[34],"However,":[35,84],"model":[37,90,213,246],"as":[38,52,91],"a":[39,53,92,107,121,249],"vector-based":[40],"methodology":[41,94],"cannot":[42],"analyze":[43,72,179],"full":[45],"content":[46],"HSI":[49,116,196],"information,":[50],"and":[51,81,130],"result,":[54],"its":[55,256],"features":[56,147,155],"are":[57,156],"not":[58],"quite":[59],"discriminative.":[60],"On":[61],"other":[63],"hand,":[64],"long":[66],"short-term":[67],"memory":[68],"(CLSTM)":[69],"can":[70],"recurrently":[71,178],"data":[76],"to":[77,142,177,229,248,251,255],"extract":[78,143],"more":[79],"discriminative":[80],"abstract":[82],"features.":[83],"sequence-based":[93],"is":[95,111,132,140,175],"extremely":[96],"high.":[97],"meanwhile,":[100],"robust":[102,214],"feature":[104,208],"extraction":[105],"with":[106],"reasonable":[108],"great":[113],"interest":[114],"classification.":[117],"For":[118],"purpose,":[120],"two-stage":[122],"method":[123],"based":[124],"on":[125,152],"integration":[127],"CNN":[129,139,227],"CLSTM":[131,231],"proposed.":[133],"first":[136,173],"stage,":[137,168],"applied":[141,176],"low-dimensional":[144],"shallow":[145],"from":[148,192],"HSI,":[149],"where":[150],"information":[151,182],"spatial":[154,181,207,217],"less":[157],"than":[158],"that":[159,199,243],"spectral":[162,186],"information;":[163],"consequently,":[164],"second":[167],"CLSTM,":[170],"for":[171,206],"time,":[174],"while":[183],"considering":[184],"one.":[187],"The":[188,238],"experimental":[189,239],"results":[190,240],"obtained":[191],"three":[193],"widely":[194],"used":[195],"datasets":[197],"indicate":[198],"application":[201],"recurrent":[204],"analysis":[205],"extractions":[209],"makes":[210],"proposed":[212,245],"against":[215],"different":[216],"sizes":[218],"extracted":[221],"patches.":[222],"Moreover,":[223],"applying":[224],"prior":[228],"efficiently":[232],"model\u2019s":[235],"burden.":[237],"also":[241],"indicated":[242],"led":[247],"1%":[250],"2%":[252],"improvement":[253],"compared":[254],"counterpart":[257],"models.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2019-04-25T00:00:00"}
