{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2935730345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070875","title":"Classification of North Africa for Use as an Extended Pseudo Invariant Calibration Sites (EPICS) for Radiometric Calibration and Stability Monitoring of Optical Satellite Sensors","display_name":"Classification of North Africa for Use as an Extended Pseudo Invariant Calibration Sites (EPICS) for Radiometric Calibration and Stability Monitoring of Optical Satellite Sensors","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2935730345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070875","mag":"2935730345"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070875","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/875/pdf?version=1555035950","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/875/pdf?version=1555035950","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037849055","display_name":"Mahesh Shrestha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-6399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177156846","display_name":"South Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/015jmes13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahesh Shrestha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064159648","display_name":"Larry Leigh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0836-4768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177156846","display_name":"South Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/015jmes13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larry Leigh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081167451","display_name":"Dennis Helder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177156846","display_name":"South Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/015jmes13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Helder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081167451"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":24.7945,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98981172,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"7","first_page":"875","last_page":"875"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12019","display_name":"Calibration and Measurement Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometric-calibration","display_name":"Radiometric calibration","score":0.8046669960021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7587889432907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous","display_name":"Homogeneous","score":0.638511061668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.575934648513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5414725542068481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5384106636047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4812995493412018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.4779669940471649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometry","display_name":"Radiometry","score":0.46030667424201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.41673731803894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3775433599948883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.37713736295700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.33667537569999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.208870530128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16912242770195007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15523451566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.15128758549690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08121109008789062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778522173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281293","display_name":"Radiometric calibration","level":3,"score":0.8046669960021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7587889432907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.638511061668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.575934648513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5414725542068481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5384106636047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4812995493412018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.4779669940471649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87456703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247760","display_name":"Radiometry","level":2,"score":0.46030667424201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.41673731803894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3775433599948883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.37713736295700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33667537569999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.208870530128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16912242770195007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15523451566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15128758549690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08121109008789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070875","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/875/pdf?version=1555035950","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openprairie.sdstate.edu:etd-4423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/3404","pdf_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4423&context=etd","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196457","display_name":"Open PRAIRIE (South Dakota State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177156846","host_organization_name":"South Dakota State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e09ffba28dd4c458a9262b8c8611832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e09ffba28dd4c458a9262b8c8611832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 7, p 875 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/7/875/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 7; Pages: 875","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070875","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/875/pdf?version=1555035950","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G23623786","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G14AC00370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","funder_display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8018140732","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX15AP36A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2935730345.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2935730345.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490494309","https://openalex.org/W1515961196","https://openalex.org/W1585610988","https://openalex.org/W1969732403","https://openalex.org/W1975359356","https://openalex.org/W1977772668","https://openalex.org/W1980898609","https://openalex.org/W1983670627","https://openalex.org/W1988901537","https://openalex.org/W1990792395","https://openalex.org/W1997074699","https://openalex.org/W2010319424","https://openalex.org/W2010367463","https://openalex.org/W2018465475","https://openalex.org/W2031139357","https://openalex.org/W2031521927","https://openalex.org/W2042978621","https://openalex.org/W2053877137","https://openalex.org/W2061744328","https://openalex.org/W2068582210","https://openalex.org/W2073421842","https://openalex.org/W2087737263","https://openalex.org/W2090749100","https://openalex.org/W2091828069","https://openalex.org/W2102228434","https://openalex.org/W2114979224","https://openalex.org/W2121025662","https://openalex.org/W2125496500","https://openalex.org/W2127559745","https://openalex.org/W2128686953","https://openalex.org/W2129471536","https://openalex.org/W2137852055","https://openalex.org/W2138408852","https://openalex.org/W2145624073","https://openalex.org/W2145697265","https://openalex.org/W2148964737","https://openalex.org/W2151161957","https://openalex.org/W2152033449","https://openalex.org/W2165849160","https://openalex.org/W2168809519","https://openalex.org/W2170757132","https://openalex.org/W2187366911","https://openalex.org/W2364926198","https://openalex.org/W2659063438","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W4236385439","https://openalex.org/W6629363944","https://openalex.org/W6630706685"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995114632","https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2753146189","https://openalex.org/W4320479303","https://openalex.org/W2116728133","https://openalex.org/W2347506004","https://openalex.org/W2000047745","https://openalex.org/W151369123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pseudo":[0],"invariant":[1],"calibration":[2,12],"sites":[3,37],"(PICS)":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"extensively":[7],"used":[8,42],"for":[9,43,56,162],"the":[10,26,39,69,96,103,111,129,147,163],"radiometric":[11,27],"and":[13,100],"temporal":[14,155],"stability":[15,28],"monitoring":[16],"of":[17,29,36,68,110,118,166],"optical":[18],"satellite":[19],"sensors.":[20],"Due":[21],"to":[22,52,131,140],"limited":[23,34],"knowledge":[24],"about":[25],"North":[30,54],"Africa,":[31],"only":[32],"a":[33,142],"number":[35],"in":[38,95,102,154,159,168],"region":[40],"are":[41,120],"this":[44],"purpose.":[45],"This":[46,151],"work":[47],"presents":[48],"an":[49,61],"automated":[50],"approach":[51,113],"classify":[53],"Africa":[55],"its":[57],"potential":[58,152],"use":[59],"as":[60,138],"extended":[62],"PICS":[63,144],"(EPICS)":[64],"covering":[65],"vast":[66],"portions":[67],"continent.":[70],"An":[71],"unsupervised":[72],"classification":[73],"algorithm":[74],"identified":[75,88],"19":[76],"\u201cclusters\u201d":[77],"representing":[78],"distinct":[79],"land":[80],"surface":[81],"types":[82],"was":[83],"used;":[84],"three":[85],"clusters":[86],"were":[87],"with":[89],"spatial":[90],"uncertainties":[91],"within":[92],"approximately":[93],"5%":[94],"shorter":[97],"wavelength":[98,105],"bands":[99],"3%":[101],"longer":[104],"bands.":[106],"A":[107],"key":[108],"advantage":[109],"cluster":[112],"is":[114],"that":[115],"large":[116],"numbers":[117],"pixels":[119],"aggregated":[121],"into":[122],"contiguous":[123],"homogeneous":[124],"regions":[125],"sufficiently":[126],"distributed":[127],"across":[128],"continent":[130],"allow":[132],"multiple":[133],"imaging":[134,141],"opportunities":[135],"per":[136],"day,":[137],"opposed":[139],"typical":[143],"once":[145],"during":[146],"sensor\u2019s":[148],"revisit":[149],"period.":[150],"increase":[153],"resolution":[156],"could":[157],"result":[158],"increased":[160],"sensitivity":[161],"quicker":[164],"identification":[165],"changes":[167],"sensor":[169],"response.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
