{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2940409205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070826","title":"A Random Forest Method to Forecast Downbursts Based on Dual-Polarization Radar Signatures","display_name":"A Random Forest Method to Forecast Downbursts Based on Dual-Polarization Radar Signatures","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2940409205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070826","mag":"2940409205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070826","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070826","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/826/pdf?version=1554537916","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/826/pdf?version=1554537916","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003092575","display_name":"Bruno L. Medina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4427-8429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bruno L. Medina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric Science, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric Science, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065783977","display_name":"Lawrence D. Carey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2255-877X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence D. Carey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric Science, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric Science, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067244453","display_name":"Corey G. Amiot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7609-1733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corey G. Amiot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric Science, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric Science, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107966705","display_name":"John R. Mecikalski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4340-5289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Retha M. Mecikalski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric Science, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric Science, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057158382","display_name":"William P. Roeder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799905938","display_name":"Patrick Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayb2728","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799905938","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William P. Roeder","raw_affiliation_strings":["45th Weather Squadron, Patrick Air Force Base, FL 32925, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"45th Weather Squadron, Patrick Air Force Base, FL 32925, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799905938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049755327","display_name":"Todd M. McNamara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799905938","display_name":"Patrick Air Force Base","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayb2728","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799905938","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd M. McNamara","raw_affiliation_strings":["45th Weather Squadron, Patrick Air Force Base, FL 32925, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"45th Weather Squadron, Patrick Air Force Base, FL 32925, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799905938"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074955411","display_name":"Richard J. Blakeslee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-0894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294504835","display_name":"Marshall Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02epydz83","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294504835","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard J. Blakeslee","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294504835"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003092575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.122,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76960688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"7","first_page":"826","last_page":"826"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6397151947021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thunderstorm","display_name":"Thunderstorm","score":0.6167185306549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.6050490140914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5796462893486023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5558021068572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-radar","display_name":"Weather radar","score":0.42246392369270325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38934993743896484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24485695362091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.21122005581855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12932002544403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0731123685836792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6397151947021484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80316258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2857578","display_name":"Thunderstorm","level":2,"score":0.6167185306549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.6050490140914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5796462893486023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5558021068572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92237259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863343","display_name":"Weather radar","level":3,"score":0.42246392369270325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38934993743896484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24485695362091064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21122005581855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12932002544403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0731123685836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070826","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070826","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/826/pdf?version=1554537916","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0aa69f440b6e411eab6e19ca51c8b703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0aa69f440b6e411eab6e19ca51c8b703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 7, p 826 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/7/826/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 7; Pages: 826","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070826","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070826","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/826/pdf?version=1554537916","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7410590801","display_name":"THE 45 WS ISSUES AN AVERAGE OF ABOUT 175 CONVECTIVE WIND WARNINGS A YEAR. IT IS THE SECOND MOST FREQUENT ADVISORY PRODUCT ISSUED BY 45WS. WARNINGS AR","funder_award_id":"NNX15AR78G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8696666821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX15AR78G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332376","funder_display_name":"Marshall Space Flight Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332376","display_name":"Marshall Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02epydz83"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2940409205.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2940409205.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18443562","https://openalex.org/W181717725","https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W944556242","https://openalex.org/W1537820757","https://openalex.org/W1967690296","https://openalex.org/W1969331456","https://openalex.org/W1973921462","https://openalex.org/W1977543027","https://openalex.org/W1983812293","https://openalex.org/W1986921214","https://openalex.org/W1996575440","https://openalex.org/W2007912148","https://openalex.org/W2011375561","https://openalex.org/W2013180956","https://openalex.org/W2013389119","https://openalex.org/W2014575254","https://openalex.org/W2025274119","https://openalex.org/W2025881907","https://openalex.org/W2069877231","https://openalex.org/W2076473983","https://openalex.org/W2076623141","https://openalex.org/W2079567099","https://openalex.org/W2085859309","https://openalex.org/W2129573620","https://openalex.org/W2139038373","https://openalex.org/W2150048539","https://openalex.org/W2161486819","https://openalex.org/W2168828928","https://openalex.org/W2172446269","https://openalex.org/W2175198972","https://openalex.org/W2175661558","https://openalex.org/W2176306107","https://openalex.org/W2179396323","https://openalex.org/W2255717465","https://openalex.org/W2319110206","https://openalex.org/W2477555870","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2518672118","https://openalex.org/W2525283912","https://openalex.org/W2586811698","https://openalex.org/W2770594110","https://openalex.org/W2807113248","https://openalex.org/W2807535851","https://openalex.org/W2904563147","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6610017368","https://openalex.org/W6632072915"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2520370421","https://openalex.org/W2888352424","https://openalex.org/W4252200661","https://openalex.org/W2073504236","https://openalex.org/W3192054339","https://openalex.org/W3168400152","https://openalex.org/W2363493550","https://openalex.org/W3191237879","https://openalex.org/W4239766379","https://openalex.org/W112505876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,53,96,127,145],"United":[1],"States":[2],"Air":[3,19],"Force\u2019s":[4],"45th":[5],"Weather":[6],"Squadron":[7],"provides":[8],"wind":[9,46,63,125],"warnings,":[10],"including":[11],"those":[12,122],"for":[13,78,86,176],"downbursts,":[14],"at":[15,80],"the":[16,81,92,136,142,170],"Cape":[17],"Canaveral":[18],"Force":[20],"Station":[21],"and":[22,40,89,141,180],"Kennedy":[23],"Space":[24],"Center":[25],"(CCAFS/KSC).":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28],"aims":[29],"to":[30,48,74,134],"provide":[31],"a":[32,44,59,109,150],"Random":[33,93,97,146,171],"Forest":[34,94,98,147,172],"model":[35,99,148],"that":[36,71],"classifies":[37],"thunderstorms\u2019":[38],"downburst":[39,54,106,116],"null":[41,101],"events":[42,102,117],"using":[43,58],"35-knot":[45],"threshold":[47],"separate":[49],"these":[50,168],"two":[51],"categories.":[52],"occurrence":[55],"was":[56],"assessed":[57],"dense":[60],"network":[61],"of":[62,113,162],"observations":[64],"around":[65],"CCAFS/KSC.":[66],"Eight":[67],"dual-polarization":[68],"radar":[69,130,164],"signatures":[70,131],"are":[72],"hypothesized":[73],"have":[75],"physical":[76],"implications":[77],"downbursts":[79],"surface":[82],"were":[83,118,132],"automatically":[84],"calculated":[85],"209":[87],"storms":[88],"ingested":[90],"into":[91],"model.":[95],"predicted":[100],"more":[103,151],"correctly":[104],"than":[105,121,154],"events,":[107],"with":[108,123],"True":[110],"Skill":[111],"Statistic":[112],"0.40.":[114],"Strong":[115],"better":[119],"classified":[120],"weaker":[124],"magnitudes.":[126],"most":[128],"important":[129],"found":[133],"be":[135],"maximum":[137],"vertically":[138],"integrated":[139],"ice":[140],"peak":[143],"reflectivity.":[144],"presented":[149],"reliable":[152],"performance":[153],"an":[155],"automated":[156],"prediction":[157],"method":[158,173],"based":[159],"on":[160,167],"thresholds":[161],"single":[163],"signatures.":[165],"Based":[166],"results,":[169],"is":[174],"suggested":[175],"continued":[177],"operational":[178],"development":[179],"testing.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}