{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2928870404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070814","title":"Scan Line Intensity-Elevation Ratio (SLIER): An Airborne LiDAR Ratio Index for Automatic Water Surface Mapping","display_name":"Scan Line Intensity-Elevation Ratio (SLIER): An Airborne LiDAR Ratio Index for Automatic Water Surface Mapping","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2928870404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070814","mag":"2928870404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070814","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070456429","display_name":"Wai Yeung Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7813-1666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wai Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022818145","display_name":"Ahmed Shaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Shaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037338465","display_name":"P. E. LaRocque","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136848882","display_name":"Optech (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/03njz2k95","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136848882"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul LaRocque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Teledyne Optech, 300 Interchange Way, Vaughan, ON L4K 5Z8, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Teledyne Optech, 300 Interchange Way, Vaughan, ON L4K 5Z8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136848882"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070456429"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.6706,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66431537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"7","first_page":"814","last_page":"814"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9182000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8983953595161438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7252550721168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.600385844707489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.5891199707984924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.5245497226715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.4564802944660187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scan-line","display_name":"Scan line","score":0.4495052099227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monochromatic-color","display_name":"Monochromatic color","score":0.42129141092300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2915947437286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24616137146949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.10904023051261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08468884229660034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8983953595161438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7252550721168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.600385844707489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.5891199707984924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.5245497226715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4564802944660187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142748172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3240002","display_name":"Scan line","level":4,"score":0.4495052099227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40833965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6901438","display_name":"Monochromatic color","level":2,"score":0.42129141092300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2915947437286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24616137146949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.10904023051261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08468884229660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f323d60773e46748906d7bd21e9cfbb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f323d60773e46748906d7bd21e9cfbb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 7, p 814 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/7/814/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 7; Pages: 814","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6019393864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRDPJ 488260-15","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514552575","https://openalex.org/W1699715884","https://openalex.org/W1967906870","https://openalex.org/W1971864502","https://openalex.org/W1973229254","https://openalex.org/W1976443904","https://openalex.org/W1977271893","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1995421053","https://openalex.org/W2001431520","https://openalex.org/W2011287653","https://openalex.org/W2029303258","https://openalex.org/W2030139686","https://openalex.org/W2039998103","https://openalex.org/W2050173250","https://openalex.org/W2060656767","https://openalex.org/W2061110262","https://openalex.org/W2063128146","https://openalex.org/W2063300830","https://openalex.org/W2063679033","https://openalex.org/W2068431757","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2091397530","https://openalex.org/W2092878288","https://openalex.org/W2120056500","https://openalex.org/W2130415283","https://openalex.org/W2135035229","https://openalex.org/W2136708959","https://openalex.org/W2149876895","https://openalex.org/W2156643016","https://openalex.org/W2555624569","https://openalex.org/W2725652234","https://openalex.org/W2794027132","https://openalex.org/W2801843572","https://openalex.org/W2807580924","https://openalex.org/W2809798844","https://openalex.org/W2939734061","https://openalex.org/W3183522126","https://openalex.org/W6630936365","https://openalex.org/W6798736220"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2509614667","https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2963293152","https://openalex.org/W4406302447","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W2164484807","https://openalex.org/W2081468532","https://openalex.org/W2186192402","https://openalex.org/W2922293770"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Owing":[0],"to":[1,29,113,143,186,199],"the":[2,10,16,30,33,37,42,47,63,97,104,119,126,134,144,148,201,211,215,236,247],"characteristics":[3],"of":[4,83,118,125,210,217,233,238,246],"how":[5],"a":[6,72,115,138,151,161,171,176,188,220],"laser":[7,31,48,51,248],"interacts":[8],"with":[9,27],"water":[11,14,44,84,105,135,194,205,212],"surface":[12],"and":[13,20,36,46,86,122,132,160,175,193,196],"column,":[15],"measured":[17],"Light":[18],"Detection":[19],"Ranging":[21],"(LiDAR)":[22],"intensity":[23,69,120],"values":[24],"are":[25,110],"different":[26],"respect":[28],"wavelength,":[32],"scanning":[34],"geometry":[35],"reflection":[38],"mechanism.":[39],"Depending":[40],"on":[41,150,170],"instantaneous":[43],"condition":[45],"incidence":[49],"angle,":[50],"dropouts":[52],"can":[53],"appear,":[54],"causing":[55],"null":[56],"returns":[57],"or":[58,241],"empty":[59],"holes":[60],"found":[61,112],"in":[62,235],"collected":[64,156,166],"LiDAR":[65,78,108,154,164,243],"data.":[66],"This":[67],"variable":[68],"response":[70],"offers":[71],"valuable":[73],"opportunity":[74],"for":[75,80,208,222],"using":[76],"airborne":[77,92,107,153,163],"sensors":[79],"automatic":[81],"identification":[82],"regions,":[85],"thus,":[87,133],"we":[88],"previously":[89],"proposed":[90],"an":[91,230],"LiDAR-based":[93],"ratio":[94,101],"index":[95,206],"named":[96],"scan":[98,130],"line":[99],"intensity-elevation":[100],"(SLIER).":[102],"Over":[103],"surface,":[106],"data":[109,224],"always":[111],"have":[114],"high":[116,189],"fluctuation":[117],"value":[121,141],"low":[123],"variation":[124],"elevation":[127],"along":[128],"each":[129],"line,":[131],"region":[136],"has":[137],"higher":[139],"SLIER":[140,149,183,218],"compared":[142],"land.":[145],"We":[146],"examined":[147],"multispectral":[152,242],"dataset":[155,165],"by":[157,167],"Optech":[158,168],"Titan":[159],"monochromatic":[162,240],"Galaxy":[169],"natural":[172],"rocky":[173],"shore":[174],"man-made":[177],"shore.":[178],"Our":[179],"experiments":[180],"showed":[181],"that":[182],"was":[184,197],"able":[185,198],"provide":[187],"separability":[190],"between":[191],"land":[192],"regions":[195],"outperform":[200],"traditional":[202],"normalized":[203],"difference":[204],"(NDWI)":[207],"estimation":[209],"surface.":[213],"With":[214],"use":[216,237],"as":[219],"mechanism":[221],"training":[223],"selection,":[225],"our":[226],"case":[227],"studies":[228],"demonstrated":[229],"overall":[231],"accuracy":[232],"98%":[234],"either":[239],"data,":[244],"regardless":[245],"channel":[249],"being":[250],"used.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2019-04-11T00:00:00"}
