{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2934923475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070743","title":"Metrics of Lidar-Derived 3D Vegetation Structure Reveal Contrasting Effects of Horizontal and Vertical Forest Heterogeneity on Bird Species Richness","display_name":"Metrics of Lidar-Derived 3D Vegetation Structure Reveal Contrasting Effects of Horizontal and Vertical Forest Heterogeneity on Bird Species Richness","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2934923475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070743","mag":"2934923475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070743","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/743/pdf?version=1553679886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/743/pdf?version=1553679886","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103202367","display_name":"Luis Carrasco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4283-7725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122345529","display_name":"National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis","ror":"https://ror.org/04vj69e88","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122345529","https://openalex.org/I1311060795"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luis Carrasco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122345529","https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080031199","display_name":"Xingli Giam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5239-9477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingli Giam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032164522","display_name":"Monica Pape\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9662-5580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122345529","display_name":"National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis","ror":"https://ror.org/04vj69e88","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122345529","https://openalex.org/I1311060795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monica Pape\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122345529","https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017245255","display_name":"Kimberly S. Sheldon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3215-2223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimberly Sheldon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103202367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122345529","https://openalex.org/I75027704"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.3528,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91626447,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"7","first_page":"743","last_page":"743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-richness","display_name":"Species richness","score":0.9062259197235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8205139636993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-heterogeneity","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","score":0.6195910573005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.6159430146217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.5788688063621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5535472631454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5049076676368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.4890476167201996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.442461222410202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-variability","display_name":"Spatial variability","score":0.43896275758743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-diversity","display_name":"Species diversity","score":0.43285244703292847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3948493003845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32046857476234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.18026375770568848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1116911768913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.11099496483802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08810678124427795}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53565203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146659","display_name":"Species richness","level":2,"score":0.9062259197235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8205139636993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180478619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574066","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","level":2,"score":0.6195910573005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.6159430146217346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.5788688063621521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5535472631454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5049076676368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.4890476167201996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.442461222410202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.43896275758743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62648534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706937","display_name":"Species diversity","level":2,"score":0.43285244703292847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3948493003845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32046857476234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.18026375770568848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1116911768913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11099496483802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08810678124427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070743","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/743/pdf?version=1553679886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2c7c7ef1689447949f6c32d05bb68137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2c7c7ef1689447949f6c32d05bb68137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 7, p 743 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/7/743/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 7; Pages: 743","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11070743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070743","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/7/743/pdf?version=1553679886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","display_name":"Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5tnr73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2934923475.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2934923475.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95948462","https://openalex.org/W269669389","https://openalex.org/W1482145300","https://openalex.org/W1551551012","https://openalex.org/W1563656983","https://openalex.org/W1588011536","https://openalex.org/W1841876174","https://openalex.org/W1964817513","https://openalex.org/W1972288805","https://openalex.org/W1994853451","https://openalex.org/W2014266934","https://openalex.org/W2024924277","https://openalex.org/W2028901390","https://openalex.org/W2038596493","https://openalex.org/W2038617433","https://openalex.org/W2047577852","https://openalex.org/W2048463265","https://openalex.org/W2052426632","https://openalex.org/W2067408254","https://openalex.org/W2075713689","https://openalex.org/W2075812635","https://openalex.org/W2080998510","https://openalex.org/W2086783159","https://openalex.org/W2094102982","https://openalex.org/W2094250422","https://openalex.org/W2100524057","https://openalex.org/W2100841034","https://openalex.org/W2104370502","https://openalex.org/W2105447517","https://openalex.org/W2110221217","https://openalex.org/W2112118618","https://openalex.org/W2112776483","https://openalex.org/W2116635928","https://openalex.org/W2118192984","https://openalex.org/W2122131085","https://openalex.org/W2123831665","https://openalex.org/W2128712159","https://openalex.org/W2129464821","https://openalex.org/W2131782538","https://openalex.org/W2135642131","https://openalex.org/W2136636747","https://openalex.org/W2139086914","https://openalex.org/W2155261478","https://openalex.org/W2156875677","https://openalex.org/W2159441389","https://openalex.org/W2161548576","https://openalex.org/W2163517730","https://openalex.org/W2164200789","https://openalex.org/W2167248655","https://openalex.org/W2170591795","https://openalex.org/W2282222972","https://openalex.org/W2482464033","https://openalex.org/W2548823545","https://openalex.org/W2555220256","https://openalex.org/W2773516464","https://openalex.org/W2791189132","https://openalex.org/W2887375031","https://openalex.org/W2901846858","https://openalex.org/W2909674845","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W3163617311","https://openalex.org/W7024771840"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W2885510933","https://openalex.org/W2008310094","https://openalex.org/W2378714121","https://openalex.org/W2052767034","https://openalex.org/W2117147201","https://openalex.org/W2073082183","https://openalex.org/W2375994904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,258],"structural":[1,45,61,86,124],"heterogeneity":[2,87,125,250],"of":[3,84,115,123,154,165,173,190,199,203,221,261,292],"vegetation":[4,72,232],"is":[5,234],"a":[6,15],"key":[7],"factor":[8],"for":[9,278],"explaining":[10],"animal":[11],"diversity":[12,40,280],"patterns":[13],"at":[14,70,150,237],"local":[16],"scale.":[17],"Improvements":[18],"in":[19,90],"airborne":[20],"light":[21],"detection":[22],"and":[23,53,75,118,169],"ranging":[24],"(lidar)":[25],"technologies":[26],"have":[27],"enabled":[28],"researchers":[29,265],"to":[30,79,97,109,215,228,255,266,282,288],"study":[31,80,216],"forest":[32,85,152,208,268,293],"3D":[33,294],"structure":[34,269],"with":[35,138,245,270],"increasing":[36,259],"accuracy.":[37],"Most":[38],"structure\u2013animal":[39,279],"work":[41],"has":[42],"focused":[43],"on":[44,64,112,129,182,196],"metrics":[46,62,78,102,110,162,284],"derived":[47],"from":[48,51],"lidar":[49,60,135,161,262],"returns":[50],"canopy":[52,200],"terrain":[54],"features.":[55],"Here,":[56],"we":[57],"built":[58],"new":[59],"based":[63,111,181,195],"the":[65,113,116,145,155,160,171,174,197,207,217,222,231,276],"Leaf":[66],"Area":[67],"Density":[68],"(LAD)":[69],"each":[71,178,238],"height":[73,239],"layer,":[74],"used":[76,133,159],"these":[77],"how":[81,230],"different":[82,121,290],"aspects":[83,122,291],"explain":[88],"variation":[89,198,220],"bird":[91,105,130,166],"species":[92,106,167,242],"richness.":[93,131],"Our":[94,273],"goals":[95],"were":[96],"test:":[98],"(1)":[99],"whether":[100],"LAD-based":[101],"better":[103,186],"explained":[104],"richness":[107,168,243],"compared":[108],"top":[114],"canopy;":[117],"(2)":[119],"if":[120],"had":[126,185,251],"diverse":[127],"effects":[128],"We":[132,158],"discrete":[134],"data":[136],"together":[137],"61":[139],"breeding":[140],"landbird":[141],"points":[142],"provided":[143],"by":[144],"National":[146],"Ecological":[147],"Observatory":[148],"Network":[149],"five":[151],"sites":[153],"eastern":[156],"US.":[157],"as":[163,225,227],"predictors":[164],"analyzed":[170],"shape":[172],"response":[175],"curves":[176],"against":[177],"predictor.":[179],"Metrics":[180],"LAD":[183],"measurements":[184],"explanatory":[187],"power":[188],"(43%":[189],"variance":[191,204],"explained)":[192],"than":[193],"those":[194],"heights":[201],"(32%":[202],"explained).":[205],"Dividing":[206],"plots":[209],"into":[210],"smaller":[211],"grids":[212],"allowed":[213],"us":[214],"within-plot":[218],"horizontal":[219,246],"vertical":[223,249],"heterogeneity,":[224,247],"well":[226],"analyze":[229],"density":[233],"horizontally":[235],"distributed":[236],"layer.":[240],"Bird":[241],"increased":[244],"while":[248],"negative":[252],"effects,":[253],"contrary":[254],"previous":[256],"research.":[257],"capabilities":[260],"will":[263],"allow":[264],"characterize":[267],"higher":[271],"detail.":[272],"findings":[274],"highlight":[275],"need":[277],"studies":[281],"incorporate":[283],"that":[285],"are":[286],"able":[287],"capture":[289],"heterogeneity.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-25T08:12:03.925757","created_date":"2019-04-11T00:00:00"}