{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922108831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060616","title":"Water Vapor Calibration: Using a Raman Lidar and Radiosoundings to Obtain Highly Resolved Water Vapor Profiles","display_name":"Water Vapor Calibration: Using a Raman Lidar and Radiosoundings to Obtain Highly Resolved Water Vapor Profiles","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922108831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060616","mag":"2922108831"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11060616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060616","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/6/616/pdf?version=1553221000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/6/616/pdf?version=1553221000","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008877117","display_name":"Birte Solveig Kulla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9244-3527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Birte Kulla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany","Institut f\u00fcr Geophysik und Meteorologie, Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln, Pohligstr. 3, 50969 Cologne, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Geophysik und Meteorologie, Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln, Pohligstr. 3, 50969 Cologne, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077376956","display_name":"Christoph Ritter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1433-8371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Ritter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Telegrafenberg A45, 14473 Potsdam, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008877117","https://openalex.org/A5077376956"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I180923762"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8941,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73555903,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"6","first_page":"616","last_page":"616"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8811405301094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.7456728219985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-vapor","display_name":"Water vapor","score":0.714220404624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7137411236763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing-ratio","display_name":"Mixing ratio","score":0.6000018119812012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiosonde","display_name":"Radiosonde","score":0.5802465677261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.564824104309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerosol","display_name":"Aerosol","score":0.49301907420158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.43363386392593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humidity","display_name":"Humidity","score":0.43102818727493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3700886368751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1341860294342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12558987736701965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8811405301094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.7456728219985962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147534773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190120","display_name":"Water vapor","level":2,"score":0.714220404624939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7137411236763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18459110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171293","display_name":"Mixing ratio","level":2,"score":0.6000018119812012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11999413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852817","display_name":"Radiosonde","level":2,"score":0.5802465677261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.564824104309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541","display_name":"Aerosol","level":2,"score":0.49301907420158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.43363386392593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151420433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180600","display_name":"Humidity","level":2,"score":0.43102818727493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3700886368751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1341860294342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12558987736701965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11060616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060616","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/6/616/pdf?version=1553221000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epic.awi.de:49406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400378","display_name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799732068","host_organization_name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799732068"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9667aa3855044f27ae731d38389b614d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9667aa3855044f27ae731d38389b614d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 6, p 616 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/6/616/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11060616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 6; Pages: 616","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11060616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060616","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/6/616/pdf?version=1553221000","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2922108831.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2922108831.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68089126","https://openalex.org/W1877008741","https://openalex.org/W1975460872","https://openalex.org/W1978395656","https://openalex.org/W1995515323","https://openalex.org/W2001847878","https://openalex.org/W2003688041","https://openalex.org/W2023874332","https://openalex.org/W2028119870","https://openalex.org/W2040609398","https://openalex.org/W2042200926","https://openalex.org/W2065716712","https://openalex.org/W2068201001","https://openalex.org/W2071429737","https://openalex.org/W2071455891","https://openalex.org/W2084654674","https://openalex.org/W2117354695","https://openalex.org/W2120315957","https://openalex.org/W2134591556","https://openalex.org/W2136778768","https://openalex.org/W2139220977","https://openalex.org/W2144325766","https://openalex.org/W2147444440","https://openalex.org/W2155238474","https://openalex.org/W2157419506","https://openalex.org/W2164594348","https://openalex.org/W2168293887","https://openalex.org/W2171194180","https://openalex.org/W2278550231","https://openalex.org/W2283462959","https://openalex.org/W2293908049","https://openalex.org/W2488222793","https://openalex.org/W2613148929","https://openalex.org/W2769674610","https://openalex.org/W2911175046","https://openalex.org/W4230803945","https://openalex.org/W4233997608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186142233","https://openalex.org/W2963590234","https://openalex.org/W3083143242","https://openalex.org/W1966649655","https://openalex.org/W2553174407","https://openalex.org/W2055890126","https://openalex.org/W2004754914","https://openalex.org/W1973695054","https://openalex.org/W2072576788","https://openalex.org/W2008734496"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"revised":[1],"the":[2,17,37,40,46,49,72,79,103,135,141,146,172,179,186,212],"calibration":[3,139,161,176],"of":[4,33,39,102,109,140],"a":[5,14,29],"water":[6,41,142,180],"vapor":[7,42,143,181],"Raman":[8,189],"lidar":[9,73,93,119,147],"by":[10,69,75,152],"co-located":[11,114],"radiosoundings":[12,115],"for":[13,28,58,118,148,160,171],"site":[15,60],"in":[16,71,162],"high":[18,197],"European":[19],"Arctic.":[20],"For":[21],"this":[22,163],"purpose,":[23],"we":[24,55,122],"defined":[25],"robust":[26],"criteria":[27,35],"valid":[30],"calibration.":[31,120],"One":[32],"these":[34,124],"is":[36],"logarithm":[38],"mixing":[43,182],"ratio":[44,183],"between":[45,89],"sonde":[47,90],"and":[48,91,167],"lidar.":[50],"With":[51],"an":[52],"error":[53],"analysis,":[54],"showed":[56],"that":[57,98],"our":[59,106],"correlations":[61],"smaller":[62],"than":[63,154],"0.95":[64],"could":[65],"be":[66,127],"explained":[67],"neither":[68],"noise":[70],"nor":[74],"wrong":[76],"assumptions":[77],"concerning":[78],"aerosol":[80],"or":[81],"Rayleigh":[82],"extinction.":[83],"However,":[84],"highly":[85],"variable":[86],"correlation":[87],"coefficients":[88],"consecutive":[92],"profiles":[94,150,184],"were":[95],"found,":[96],"suggesting":[97],"small":[99],"scale":[100],"variability":[101,199],"humidity":[104],"was":[105,165],"largest":[107],"source":[108],"error.":[110],"Therefore,":[111],"not":[112],"all":[113],"are":[116,192],"useful":[117],"As":[121],"assumed":[123],"changes":[125],"to":[126,201,211],"non-systematic,":[128],"averaging":[129],"over":[130],"several":[131],"independent":[132,209],"measurements":[133,144],"increased":[134],"calibration\u2019s":[136],"quality.":[137],"The":[138,156],"from":[145,185],"individual":[149],"varied":[151],"less":[153],"\u00b15%.":[155],"seasonal":[157],"median,":[158],"used":[159],"study,":[164],"stable":[166],"reliable":[168],"(confidence":[169],"\u00b11%":[170],"season":[173],"with":[174],"most":[175],"profiles).":[177],"Thus,":[178],"Koldewey":[187],"Aerosol":[188],"Lidar":[190],"(KARL)":[191],"very":[193],"accurate.":[194],"They":[195],"show":[196],"temporal":[198],"up":[200],"4":[202],"km":[203],"altitude":[204],"and,":[205],"therefore,":[206],"provide":[207],"additional,":[208],"information":[210],"radiosonde.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2019-03-22T00:00:00"}