{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2917632576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040407","title":"Influence of Land Use and Land Cover Change on the Formation of Local Lightning","display_name":"Influence of Land Use and Land Cover Change on the Formation of Local Lightning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2917632576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040407","mag":"2917632576"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11040407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040407","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/4/407/pdf?version=1550386418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/4/407/pdf?version=1550386418","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018152460","display_name":"Sanjib Kar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0203-8884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjib Kumar Kar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052192623","display_name":"Yuei\u2010An Liou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8100-5529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuei-An Liou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052192623"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6764,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81207601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"407","last_page":"407"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-heat-island","display_name":"Urban heat island","score":0.7123463153839111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6881688833236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"Urbanization","score":0.6806740760803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5856673121452332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightning","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","score":0.5303131937980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.5225455164909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convective-storm-detection","display_name":"Convective storm detection","score":0.46654295921325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.46429237723350525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.42969951033592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.41010597348213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.39573904871940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.35004723072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3349900245666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/storm","display_name":"Storm","score":0.25960269570350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10417059063911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.07019466161727905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54005896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215712","display_name":"Urban heat island","level":2,"score":0.7123463153839111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6881688833236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.6806740760803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5856673121452332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69398868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129052","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","level":3,"score":0.5303131937980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.5225455164909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192932206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16951299","display_name":"Convective storm detection","level":3,"score":0.46654295921325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.46429237723350525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.42969951033592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.41010597348213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.39573904871940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.35004723072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3349900245666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.25960269570350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10417059063911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.07019466161727905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11040407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040407","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/4/407/pdf?version=1550386418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9e36003b116047eb89d54d596a115044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9e36003b116047eb89d54d596a115044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 4, p 407 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/4/407/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11040407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 4; Pages: 407","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11040407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040407","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/4/407/pdf?version=1550386418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5956925520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"107-2111-M-008-036","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7603433313","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"105-2221-E-008-056-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2917632576.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2917632576.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W202888337","https://openalex.org/W313493290","https://openalex.org/W872389834","https://openalex.org/W1640884769","https://openalex.org/W1640905724","https://openalex.org/W1913573874","https://openalex.org/W1965258057","https://openalex.org/W1965848310","https://openalex.org/W1969125927","https://openalex.org/W1975214027","https://openalex.org/W1989475515","https://openalex.org/W1989798762","https://openalex.org/W1991557169","https://openalex.org/W1997395763","https://openalex.org/W2000569032","https://openalex.org/W2000587775","https://openalex.org/W2011059993","https://openalex.org/W2028152024","https://openalex.org/W2031716638","https://openalex.org/W2036911860","https://openalex.org/W2046779413","https://openalex.org/W2046805998","https://openalex.org/W2055753415","https://openalex.org/W2059242337","https://openalex.org/W2063473488","https://openalex.org/W2064839146","https://openalex.org/W2067081780","https://openalex.org/W2067354966","https://openalex.org/W2078757045","https://openalex.org/W2096913522","https://openalex.org/W2102653068","https://openalex.org/W2119744638","https://openalex.org/W2136402786","https://openalex.org/W2151455735","https://openalex.org/W2171169925","https://openalex.org/W2173402074","https://openalex.org/W2288020646","https://openalex.org/W2312864526","https://openalex.org/W2344023093","https://openalex.org/W2523795732","https://openalex.org/W2768659215","https://openalex.org/W2904675610","https://openalex.org/W6608252817","https://openalex.org/W6653430002","https://openalex.org/W6670543321","https://openalex.org/W6674667893"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392907783","https://openalex.org/W1985072978","https://openalex.org/W891751532","https://openalex.org/W2375489112","https://openalex.org/W2370838374","https://openalex.org/W2354222596","https://openalex.org/W2392291083","https://openalex.org/W2353135038","https://openalex.org/W2381059267","https://openalex.org/W2347277971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"use":[1,150],"and":[2,16,23,37,80,106,152,222,264,266],"land":[3,15,149],"cover":[4],"(LULC)":[5],"play":[6],"a":[7,90,226],"crucial":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,123,143,185],"the":[11,14,50,56,73,116,127,161,169,186,190,201,207,210,217,231,237,251,256,271],"interaction":[12],"between":[13],"atmosphere,":[17],"influencing":[18],"climate":[19],"at":[20],"local,":[21],"regional,":[22],"global":[24],"scales.":[25],"LULC":[26,130],"change":[27,131,151],"due":[28],"to":[29,49,125,167,194,249],"urbanization":[30,43,76,133],"has":[31,82,93],"significant":[32,263],"impacts":[33],"on":[34,77,134],"local":[35,78],"weather":[36],"climate.":[38],"Land-cover":[39],"changes":[40],"associated":[41],"with":[42,230],"create":[44],"higher":[45],"air":[46],"temperatures":[47],"compared":[48,193],"surrounding":[51],"rural":[52],"area,":[53],"known":[54],"as":[55],"\u201curban":[57],"heat":[58,213],"island":[59],"(UHI)\u201d":[60],"effect.":[61],"Urban":[62],"landscapes":[63],"also":[64],"affect":[65],"formation":[66],"of":[67,75,121,129,146,160,173,183,200,209,233,274],"convective":[68],"storms.":[69],"In":[70,87],"recent":[71],"years,":[72],"effect":[74],"convections":[79],"lightning":[81,100,136,203,253],"been":[83,94,268],"studied":[84],"very":[85],"extensively.":[86],"this":[88],"paper":[89],"long-term":[91],"study":[92],"carried":[95],"out":[96],"taking":[97,140],"cloud-to-ground":[98,234],"(CG)":[99],"data":[101,113,145],"(1998\u20132012)":[102],"from":[103,115,270],"Tai-Power":[104],"Company,":[105],"particulate":[107],"matter":[108],"(PM10),":[109],"sulfur":[110],"dioxide":[111],"(SO2)":[112],"(2003\u20132012)":[114],"Environmental":[117],"Protection":[118],"Administration":[119],"(EPA)":[120],"Taiwan,":[122],"order":[124],"investigate":[126],"influence":[128],"through":[132],"CG":[135,202,252],"activity":[137],"over":[138,189,255],"Taipei":[139,175,211],"into":[141],"account":[142],"situ":[144],"population":[147],"growth,":[148],"mean":[153],"surface":[154,171],"temperature":[155,172],"(1965\u20132010).":[156],"The":[157,197,220,259],"thermal":[158,218],"band":[159],"Land-Sat":[162],"7":[163],"satellite":[164],"was":[165,178],"used":[166],"generate":[168],"apparent":[170],"New":[174],"City.":[176],"It":[177],"observed":[179],"that":[180,243],"an":[181],"enhancement":[182],"60\u201370%":[184],"flash":[187],"density":[188],"urban":[191,257],"areas":[192],"their":[195],"surroundings.":[196],"spatial":[198],"distribution":[199],"flashes":[204],"follows":[205],"closely":[206],"shape":[208],"city":[212],"island,":[214],"thereby":[215],"supporting":[216,236],"hypothesis.":[219,239],"PM10":[221],"SO2":[223],"concentrations":[224],"showed":[225],"positive":[227],"linear":[228],"correlation":[229],"number":[232],"flashes,":[235],"aerosol":[238],"These":[240],"results":[241,260],"indicate":[242],"both":[244],"hypotheses":[245],"should":[246],"be":[247],"considered":[248],"explain":[250],"enhancements":[254],"areas.":[258],"obtained":[261],"are":[262],"interesting":[265],"have":[267],"explained":[269],"thermodynamic":[272],"point":[273],"view.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}