{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912099980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030327","title":"Unsupervised Sub-Pixel Water Body Mapping with Sentinel-3 OLCI Image","display_name":"Unsupervised Sub-Pixel Water Body Mapping with Sentinel-3 OLCI Image","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912099980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030327","mag":"2912099980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11030327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030327","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/327/pdf?version=1549526661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/327/pdf?version=1549526661","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083447585","display_name":"Xia Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-8454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91125648","display_name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jcykh16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012444471","display_name":"Feng Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0685-4897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Estimate for Environment and Disaster of Hubei province, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Estimate for Environment and Disaster of Hubei province, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071067099","display_name":"Huaiying Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1932-8765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119653","display_name":"Institute of Urban Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/025gq5q04","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119653"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91125648","display_name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jcykh16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaiying Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China","Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China","Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119653","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100678574","display_name":"Yaolin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4619-5099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaolin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077090820","display_name":"Shuna Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I903994226","display_name":"Xuchang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k174p87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I903994226"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuna Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Urban &amp; Rural Planning and Landscape Architecture, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Urban &amp; Rural Planning and Landscape Architecture, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I903994226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012444471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.1403,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91430651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"327","last_page":"327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.8170148134231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.779420018196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6859025955200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.5828152298927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5068700909614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-pattern-recognition","display_name":"Multispectral pattern recognition","score":0.4593932628631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-water","display_name":"Surface water","score":0.4192127585411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-body","display_name":"Water body","score":0.4191136360168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3590770363807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.27649378776550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2738092839717865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.27200812101364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17176908254623413}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.8170148134231567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.779420018196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6859025955200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.5828152298927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5068700909614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104541649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935090","display_name":"Multispectral pattern recognition","level":3,"score":0.4593932628631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8625798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112","display_name":"Surface water","level":2,"score":0.4192127585411072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986309107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15324","display_name":"Water body","level":2,"score":0.4191136360168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3590770363807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27649378776550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2738092839717865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27200812101364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17176908254623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11030327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030327","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/327/pdf?version=1549526661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1e4f8e61acac4a4c8084e6b2279ac282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1e4f8e61acac4a4c8084e6b2279ac282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 3, p 327 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/3/327/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 3; Pages: 327","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11030327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030327","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/327/pdf?version=1549526661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912099980.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912099980.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36401000","https://openalex.org/W399653452","https://openalex.org/W1946646115","https://openalex.org/W1966808625","https://openalex.org/W1971707777","https://openalex.org/W1980225565","https://openalex.org/W1982206826","https://openalex.org/W1983470924","https://openalex.org/W1988883312","https://openalex.org/W1990368143","https://openalex.org/W1995581599","https://openalex.org/W1996732587","https://openalex.org/W2002087357","https://openalex.org/W2004818310","https://openalex.org/W2007300776","https://openalex.org/W2007342648","https://openalex.org/W2009619252","https://openalex.org/W2017036863","https://openalex.org/W2025140748","https://openalex.org/W2025389829","https://openalex.org/W2034085189","https://openalex.org/W2036745212","https://openalex.org/W2048147566","https://openalex.org/W2056516072","https://openalex.org/W2059682476","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2080504767","https://openalex.org/W2081155276","https://openalex.org/W2081566817","https://openalex.org/W2082302033","https://openalex.org/W2089038605","https://openalex.org/W2089925545","https://openalex.org/W2091129519","https://openalex.org/W2099192465","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2115963694","https://openalex.org/W2127386881","https://openalex.org/W2129904583","https://openalex.org/W2150478416","https://openalex.org/W2151747974","https://openalex.org/W2162039431","https://openalex.org/W2166684966","https://openalex.org/W2267362924","https://openalex.org/W2336807904","https://openalex.org/W2509997523","https://openalex.org/W2603017680","https://openalex.org/W2615806692","https://openalex.org/W2766685544","https://openalex.org/W2767886251","https://openalex.org/W2771933030","https://openalex.org/W2789240572","https://openalex.org/W2803867753","https://openalex.org/W2803972022","https://openalex.org/W4233760599","https://openalex.org/W6601502559","https://openalex.org/W6613861473","https://openalex.org/W6646145903","https://openalex.org/W6647681815","https://openalex.org/W6649365203","https://openalex.org/W6654373032","https://openalex.org/W6658928019","https://openalex.org/W6670343958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128126485","https://openalex.org/W1995889410","https://openalex.org/W4382563209","https://openalex.org/W2124952510","https://openalex.org/W1752760603","https://openalex.org/W2777937183","https://openalex.org/W2108633818","https://openalex.org/W1517037119","https://openalex.org/W2138664739","https://openalex.org/W2011962637"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mapping":[0],"land":[1,47],"surface":[2,48],"water":[3,22,49,94,103,128,159,180,230,240,256],"bodies":[4],"from":[5,58,131,170],"satellite":[6],"images":[7,145,161],"is":[8,66],"superior":[9],"to":[10,60,68,119,251],"conventional":[11],"in":[12,93,218],"situ":[13],"measurements.":[14],"With":[15],"the":[16,25,28,40,63,79,89,112,132,138,157,163,171,184,190,196,219,234,260],"mission":[17],"of":[18,27,75,136,141,149,162,192],"long-term":[19],"and":[20,30,37,116,177,223,237],"high-frequency":[21],"quality":[23],"monitoring,":[24],"launch":[26],"Ocean":[29],"Land":[31],"Colour":[32],"Instrument":[33],"(OLCI)":[34],"onboard":[35],"Sentinel-3A":[36],"Sentinel-3B":[38],"provides":[39,84],"best":[41],"possible":[42],"approach":[43],"for":[44,88,111],"near":[45,253],"real-time":[46,254],"body":[50,95,104,129,181,231,241,257],"mapping.":[51,96],"Sentinel-3":[52,113,172,261],"OLCI":[53,114,173,262],"contains":[54],"21":[55],"bands":[56],"ranging":[57],"visible":[59],"near-infrared,":[61],"but":[62],"spatial":[64,123,187,203],"resolution":[65,124],"limited":[67],"300":[69],"m,":[70],"which":[71],"may":[72],"include":[73],"lots":[74],"mixed":[76,90],"pixels":[77],"around":[78],"boundaries.":[80],"Sub-pixel":[81],"mapping":[82,105,242,258],"(SPM)":[83],"a":[85,121,179,201],"good":[86],"solution":[87],"pixel":[91,236],"problem":[92],"In":[97,215],"this":[98],"paper,":[99],"an":[100,207],"unsupervised":[101,197,208],"sub-pixel":[102,209,238,255],"(USWBM)":[106],"method":[107],"was":[108],"proposed":[109,245],"particularly":[110],"image,":[115],"it":[117],"aims":[118],"produce":[120],"finer":[122,186],"(e.g.,":[125],"30":[126],"m)":[127],"map":[130,182],"multispectral":[133,144],"image.":[134,263],"Instead":[135],"using":[137],"fraction":[139],"maps":[140,232],"water/non-water":[142,150],"or":[143],"combined":[146],"with":[147,259],"endmembers":[148],"classes":[151],"as":[152,175],"input,":[153],"USWBM":[154,194,226],"directly":[155],"uses":[156],"spectral":[158],"index":[160],"Normalized":[164],"Difference":[165],"Water":[166],"Index":[167],"(NDWI)":[168],"extracted":[169],"image":[174],"input":[176],"produces":[178],"at":[183],"target":[185],"resolution.":[188],"Without":[189],"collection":[191],"endmembers,":[193],"accomplished":[195],"process":[198],"by":[199],"developing":[200],"multi-scale":[202],"dependence":[204],"based":[205,239],"on":[206],"Fuzzy":[210],"C-means":[211],"(FCM)":[212],"clustering":[213],"algorithm.":[214],"both":[216],"validations":[217],"Tibet":[220],"Plate":[221],"lake":[222],"Poyang":[224],"lake,":[225],"produced":[227],"more":[228],"accurate":[229],"than":[233],"other":[235],"methods.":[243],"The":[244],"USWBM,":[246],"therefore,":[247],"has":[248],"great":[249],"potential":[250],"support":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
