{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912067546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030235","title":"Pixel-Based Geometric Assessment of Channel Networks/Orders Derived from Global Spaceborne Digital Elevation Models","display_name":"Pixel-Based Geometric Assessment of Channel Networks/Orders Derived from Global Spaceborne Digital Elevation Models","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912067546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030235","mag":"2912067546"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11030235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/235/pdf?version=1548732517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/235/pdf?version=1548732517","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027727027","display_name":"Mohamed Shawky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4317-3940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Shawky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037368801","display_name":"Adel Moussa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1131-6372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88017793","display_name":"Port Said University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx5yq44","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88017793"]}],"countries":["CA","EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adel Moussa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Fouad 42523, Egypt","Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Fouad 42523, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88017793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017817815","display_name":"Quazi K. Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7034-359X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quazi K. Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042454030","display_name":"Naser El\u2010Sheimy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-0832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naser El-Sheimy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027727027"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.2713,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91842435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"235","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.8286313414573669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7932628393173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shuttle-radar-topography-mission","display_name":"Shuttle Radar Topography Mission","score":0.7557690143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5340292453765869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometric-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5212057828903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5107855796813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5060965418815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4833785891532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.48244720697402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/panchromatic-film","display_name":"Panchromatic film","score":0.44426408410072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.42289865016937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthophoto","display_name":"Orthophoto","score":0.415168821811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37561723589897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1939840316772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.1686144471168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1635611355304718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.12294051051139832}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.8286313414573669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7932628393173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184149073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965136","display_name":"Shuttle Radar Topography Mission","level":3,"score":0.7557690143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5340292453765869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.5212057828903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5107855796813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5060965418815613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4833785891532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.48244720697402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107445234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280995","display_name":"Panchromatic film","level":3,"score":0.44426408410072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.42289865016937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922585","display_name":"Orthophoto","level":2,"score":0.415168821811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37561723589897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1939840316772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.1686144471168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1635611355304718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.12294051051139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11030235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/235/pdf?version=1548732517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b46dc3f6fdda4bfa93c9838b1fa40d81","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b46dc3f6fdda4bfa93c9838b1fa40d81","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 3, p 235 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/11/3/235/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 11; Issue 3; Pages: 235","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11030235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11030235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/235/pdf?version=1548732517","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321679","display_name":"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/055tm7f07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334900","display_name":"Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/059yhyy33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912067546.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912067546.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":123,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501897173","https://openalex.org/W1529043441","https://openalex.org/W1556769538","https://openalex.org/W1608179772","https://openalex.org/W1629324795","https://openalex.org/W1676247700","https://openalex.org/W1861519316","https://openalex.org/W1865472943","https://openalex.org/W1963740472","https://openalex.org/W1966369408","https://openalex.org/W1966950780","https://openalex.org/W1969455675","https://openalex.org/W1969732403","https://openalex.org/W1973151621","https://openalex.org/W1974614011","https://openalex.org/W1976193075","https://openalex.org/W1979783636","https://openalex.org/W1980086174","https://openalex.org/W1984409524","https://openalex.org/W1985848222","https://openalex.org/W1990436032","https://openalex.org/W1993284672","https://openalex.org/W1995029546","https://openalex.org/W2003751979","https://openalex.org/W2003859288","https://openalex.org/W2011460488","https://openalex.org/W2020957925","https://openalex.org/W2022967585","https://openalex.org/W2025120961","https://openalex.org/W2028541251","https://openalex.org/W2029332336","https://openalex.org/W2032455480","https://openalex.org/W2033053866","https://openalex.org/W2036025273","https://openalex.org/W2039164479","https://openalex.org/W2046199882","https://openalex.org/W2047063304","https://openalex.org/W2047334881","https://openalex.org/W2048448341","https://openalex.org/W2053020576","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2056123185","https://openalex.org/W2057128986","https://openalex.org/W2057266474","https://openalex.org/W2059390955","https://openalex.org/W2062754173","https://openalex.org/W2066463527","https://openalex.org/W2070902978","https://openalex.org/W2079235099","https://openalex.org/W2082836778","https://openalex.org/W2083173052","https://openalex.org/W2083282651","https://openalex.org/W2084744129","https://openalex.org/W2087670708","https://openalex.org/W2087884757","https://openalex.org/W2093283564","https://openalex.org/W2096226938","https://openalex.org/W2103389803","https://openalex.org/W2106738570","https://openalex.org/W2110076564","https://openalex.org/W2114828048","https://openalex.org/W2115554598","https://openalex.org/W2117202740","https://openalex.org/W2135955237","https://openalex.org/W2136624896","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2138976227","https://openalex.org/W2142019768","https://openalex.org/W2146525953","https://openalex.org/W2149862348","https://openalex.org/W2151897820","https://openalex.org/W2158999491","https://openalex.org/W2160803003","https://openalex.org/W2162263667","https://openalex.org/W2169427953","https://openalex.org/W2169929747","https://openalex.org/W2186508182","https://openalex.org/W2189906294","https://openalex.org/W2279077827","https://openalex.org/W2315221048","https://openalex.org/W2327348276","https://openalex.org/W2398127311","https://openalex.org/W2404198674","https://openalex.org/W2423569214","https://openalex.org/W2423983118","https://openalex.org/W2431153835","https://openalex.org/W2442030880","https://openalex.org/W2516589589","https://openalex.org/W2519427291","https://openalex.org/W2533202495","https://openalex.org/W2569403535","https://openalex.org/W2585408558","https://openalex.org/W2596671123","https://openalex.org/W2603235839","https://openalex.org/W2688079092","https://openalex.org/W2743691420","https://openalex.org/W2758708146","https://openalex.org/W2761387532","https://openalex.org/W2768645442","https://openalex.org/W2789362612","https://openalex.org/W2789888157","https://openalex.org/W2792094534","https://openalex.org/W2793288240","https://openalex.org/W2795932572","https://openalex.org/W2800104859","https://openalex.org/W2803866038","https://openalex.org/W2810903307","https://openalex.org/W2894659225","https://openalex.org/W2978478501","https://openalex.org/W4243410576","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6608773027","https://openalex.org/W6643575171","https://openalex.org/W6659388638","https://openalex.org/W6671028266","https://openalex.org/W6677290592","https://openalex.org/W6681110059","https://openalex.org/W6682555484","https://openalex.org/W6683137865","https://openalex.org/W6686907492","https://openalex.org/W6694931204","https://openalex.org/W6713172339","https://openalex.org/W6749288547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974521832","https://openalex.org/W1986643118","https://openalex.org/W2023741289","https://openalex.org/W2053705239","https://openalex.org/W2041085616","https://openalex.org/W2055954178","https://openalex.org/W2011460488","https://openalex.org/W2146795652","https://openalex.org/W3161754348","https://openalex.org/W2469485159"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0,51,110,115],"Elevation":[1],"Models":[2,112,117],"(DEMs)":[3],"contribute":[4],"to":[5,185,212,268,301,325,351],"geomorphological":[6],"and":[7,38,86,91,94,107,114,119,124,148,165,174,205,227,233,254,262,289,295,311,333],"hydrological":[8],"applications.":[9],"DEMs":[10,88,154,226,245],"can":[11],"be":[12],"derived":[13,55,96,121,151,229],"using":[14,104,354],"different":[15,159,355],"remote":[16],"sensing-based":[17],"datasets,":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20,127],"Interferometric":[21],"Synthetic":[22],"Aperture":[23],"Radar":[24,40],"(InSAR)":[25],"(e.g.,":[26],"Advanced":[27],"Land":[28],"Observing":[29],"Satellite":[30],"(ALOS)":[31],"Phased":[32],"Array":[33],"type":[34],"L-band":[35],"SAR":[36],"(PALSAR)":[37],"Shuttle":[39],"Topography":[41],"Mission":[42],"(SRTM)":[43],"DEMs).":[44],"In":[45,68],"addition,":[46],"there":[47],"is":[48],"also":[49],"the":[50,140,145,187,214,217,242,247,269,280,285,302,319,346],"Surface":[52,111],"Model":[53],"(DSM)":[54],"from":[56,152,224,230,328,349],"optical":[57],"tri-stereo":[58],"ALOS":[59,82,275,312],"Panchromatic":[60],"Remote-sensing":[61],"Instrument":[62],"for":[63,139,181],"Stereo":[64],"Mapping":[65],"(PRISM)":[66],"imagery.":[67],"this":[69],"study,":[70],"we":[71],"evaluated":[72],"satellite-based":[73],"DEMs,":[74],"SRTM":[75],"(Global)":[76],"GL1":[77],"DEM":[78,236,308],"V003":[79],"28.5":[80,84,92,277,305,314,336],"m,":[81,85,93,264,297,337],"DSM":[83,276,304,313,335],"PALSAR":[87,235,307],"12.5":[89,237,272,309,331],"m":[90,238,261,278,294,310,332],"their":[95,120],"channel":[97,122,146,221,316],"networks/orders.":[98],"We":[99,134],"carried":[100],"out":[101],"these":[102],"assessments":[103],"Light":[105],"Detection":[106],"Ranging":[108],"(LiDAR)":[109],"(DSMs)":[113],"Terrain":[116],"(DTMs)":[118],"networks":[123,147],"Strahler":[125,149],"orders":[126,150],"reference":[128],"datasets":[129],"at":[130,158],"comparable":[131],"spatial":[132],"resolutions.":[133],"introduced":[135,188],"a":[136],"pixel-based":[137],"method":[138],"quantitative":[141],"horizontal":[142,218,321],"evaluation":[143,193],"of":[144,192,216,259,292,341],"global":[153,225,244],"utilizing":[155],"confusion":[156],"matrices":[157],"flow":[160],"accumulation":[161],"area":[162],"thresholds":[163],"(ATs)":[164],"pixel":[166],"buffer":[167],"tolerance":[168],"values":[169,258,291],"(PBTVs)":[170],"in":[171],"both":[172],"\u00b1X":[173],"\u00b1Y":[175],"directions.":[176],"A":[177,190],"new":[178],"Python":[179],"toolbox":[180],"ArcGIS":[182],"was":[183],"developed":[184],"automate":[186],"method.":[189],"set":[191],"metrics\u2014(i)":[194],"producer":[195],"accuracy":[196,200,215,283,322],"(PA),":[197],"(ii)":[198],"user":[199],"(UA),":[201],"(iii)":[202],"F-score":[203],"(F),":[204],"(iv)":[206],"Cohen\u2019s":[207],"kappa":[208],"index":[209],"(KI)\u2014were":[210],"computed":[211],"evaluate":[213],"matching":[219],"between":[220],"networks/orders":[222,317],"extracted":[223],"those":[228,326],"LiDAR":[231,270,303,329,334],"DTMs":[232],"DSMs.":[234],"ranked":[239],"first":[240],"among":[241],"other":[243],"with":[246,284],"lowest":[248,286],"root":[249],"mean":[250,255],"square":[251],"error":[252],"(RMSE)":[253],"difference":[256],"(MD)":[257],"4.57":[260],"0.78":[263],"respectively,":[265,298],"when":[266,299,323,345],"compared":[267,300,324],"DTM":[271,330],"m.":[273,306],"The":[274,339],"had":[279],"highest":[281,320],"vertical":[282],"recorded":[287],"RMSE":[288],"MD":[290],"4.01":[293],"\u22120.29":[296],"m-derived":[315],"yielded":[318],"delineated":[327],"respectively.":[338],"number":[340],"unmatched":[342],"channels":[343],"decreased":[344],"PBTV":[347],"increased":[348],"0":[350],"3":[352],"pixels":[353],"ATs.":[356]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}