{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2910827904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020145","title":"Automatic Annotation of Airborne Images by Label Propagation Based on a Bayesian-CRF Model","display_name":"Automatic Annotation of Airborne Images by Label Propagation Based on a Bayesian-CRF Model","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2910827904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020145","mag":"2910827904"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11020145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/2/145/pdf?version=1548149628","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/2/145/pdf?version=1548149628","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053759869","display_name":"Xiangyu Zhuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0958-9902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111978","display_name":"Remote Sensing Solutions (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/023cs4y60","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111978"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zhuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany","Remote Sensing Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80333 Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80333 Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111978","https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068079834","display_name":"Friedrich Fraundorfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Friedrich Fraundorfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria","Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020996505","display_name":"Franz Kurz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-0004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Kurz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-0004","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052386553","display_name":"Peter Reinartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8122-1475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Reinartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8122-1475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053759869"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981","https://openalex.org/I4210111978","https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.916,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71263348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"145","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.804435133934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7913087606430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7326697111129761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.6906794905662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6418124437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-image-annotation","display_name":"Automatic image annotation","score":0.583541989326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5660658478736877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.5301828384399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5118967294692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5104171633720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.48341453075408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.47168853878974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4522750973701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4444373846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.418867290019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.41542425751686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.31728416681289673}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.804435133934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7913087606430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7326697111129761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.6906794905662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6418124437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199579030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2851778","display_name":"Automatic image annotation","level":4,"score":0.583541989326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5660658478736877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.5301828384399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5118967294692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5104171633720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.48341453075408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.47168853878974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4522750973701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4444373846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.418867290019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.41542425751686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.31728416681289673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11020145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/2/145/pdf?version=1548149628","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:126836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020145>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:65519b40450b411bb56c4363ad21d018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/65519b40450b411bb56c4363ad21d018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 11, Iss 2, p 145 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs11020145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/2/145/pdf?version=1548149628","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5876285163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"50019750","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","funder_display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2910827904.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560354729","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1973181481","https://openalex.org/W1980417873","https://openalex.org/W2009122816","https://openalex.org/W2011953904","https://openalex.org/W2059319345","https://openalex.org/W2062563118","https://openalex.org/W2088805832","https://openalex.org/W2091168295","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2116877738","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2161236525","https://openalex.org/W2250632121","https://openalex.org/W2315287060","https://openalex.org/W2334558774","https://openalex.org/W2397830550","https://openalex.org/W2431874326","https://openalex.org/W2527512904","https://openalex.org/W2528342806","https://openalex.org/W2535516436","https://openalex.org/W2544953446","https://openalex.org/W2606817470","https://openalex.org/W2768184749","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2964162504","https://openalex.org/W4248681815","https://openalex.org/W6645370209"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3177930984","https://openalex.org/W2052697133","https://openalex.org/W2076896210","https://openalex.org/W2384288472","https://openalex.org/W1539573266","https://openalex.org/W2093596879","https://openalex.org/W2376984068","https://openalex.org/W2201969175","https://openalex.org/W2017257332","https://openalex.org/W2747088704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,138],"tremendous":[1],"advances":[2],"in":[3,135],"deep":[4,12,25],"neural":[5,188],"networks":[6,237],"have":[7,249],"demonstrated":[8],"the":[9,50,75,111,115,136,174,209,231,236,240,245],"superiority":[10],"of":[11,33,52,235],"learning":[13],"techniques":[14],"for":[15,56,106,132,184,217],"applications":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,180,225],"object":[19,206],"recognition":[20],"or":[21],"image":[22,71,83,87,95,176,211,227,242,247],"classification.":[23],"Nevertheless,":[24],"learning-based":[26],"methods":[27],"usually":[28],"require":[29],"a":[30,122,186,250],"large":[31],"amount":[32,51],"training":[34,59,185,218],"data,":[35,60],"which":[36],"mainly":[37],"comes":[38],"from":[39,81,151,165],"manual":[40,53,226,241],"annotation":[41],"and":[42,97,161,220,244],"is":[43,104,141,196],"quite":[44],"labor-intensive.":[45],"In":[46,171],"order":[47],"to":[48,64,69,85,92,109,155,168,198],"reduce":[49],"work":[54],"required":[55],"generating":[57],"enough":[58],"we":[61],"hereby":[62],"propose":[63],"leverage":[65],"existing":[66],"labeled":[67],"data":[68,183],"generate":[70],"annotations":[72,243],"automatically.":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"pixel":[76],"labels":[77,177,212,248],"are":[78,119,178],"firstly":[79],"transferred":[80],"one":[82],"modality":[84,88],"another":[86],"via":[89],"geometric":[90],"transformation":[91],"create":[93],"initial":[94],"annotations,":[96,228],"then":[98],"additional":[99],"information":[100],"(e.g.,":[101],"height":[102],"measurements)":[103],"incorporated":[105],"Bayesian":[107],"inference":[108],"update":[110],"labeling":[112,131],"beliefs.":[113],"Finally,":[114],"updated":[116],"label":[117,149,163,201],"assignments":[118,202],"optimized":[120],"with":[121],"fully":[123],"connected":[124],"conditional":[125],"random":[126],"field":[127],"(CRF),":[128],"yielding":[129],"refined":[130,175],"all":[133],"pixels":[134],"image.":[137],"proposed":[139],"approach":[140],"tested":[142],"on":[143],"two":[144],"different":[145],"scenarios,":[146],"i.e.,":[147],"(1)":[148],"propagation":[150,164],"annotated":[152],"aerial":[153,157,169],"imagery":[154,160],"unmanned":[156],"vehicle":[158],"(UAV)":[159],"(2)":[162],"map":[166],"database":[167],"imagery.":[170],"each":[172],"scenario,":[173],"used":[179],"pseudo-ground":[181],"truth":[182],"convolutional":[187],"network":[189],"(CNN).":[190],"Results":[191],"demonstrate":[192],"that":[193],"our":[194],"model":[195],"able":[197],"produce":[199],"accurate":[200],"even":[203],"around":[204],"complex":[205],"boundaries;":[207],"besides,":[208],"generated":[210,246],"can":[213],"be":[214],"effectively":[215],"leveraged":[216],"CNNs":[219],"achieve":[221],"comparable":[222],"classification":[223,233],"accuracy":[224,234],"more":[229],"specifically,":[230],"per-class":[232],"trained":[238],"by":[239],"difference":[251],"within":[252],"\u00b1":[253],"5":[254],"%":[255],".":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-24T08:33:08.758527","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
