{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905082511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122016","title":"Characterizing Variability of Solar Irradiance in San Antonio, Texas Using Satellite Observations of Cloudiness","display_name":"Characterizing Variability of Solar Irradiance in San Antonio, Texas Using Satellite Observations of Cloudiness","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905082511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122016","mag":"2905082511"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10122016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2016/pdf?version=1544607879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2016/pdf?version=1544607879","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101455862","display_name":"Shuang Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5136-3704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA","Texas Sustainable Energy Research Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Sustainable Energy Research Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087331186","display_name":"Alberto M. Mestas\u2010Nu\u00f1ez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3546-3668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alberto M. Mestas-Nu\u00f1ez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026060472","display_name":"Hongjie Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3516-1210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjie Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059526681","display_name":"Jiakui Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-1044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiakui Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109971646","display_name":"Rolando Vega","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rolando Vega","raw_affiliation_strings":["CPS Energy, San Antonio, TX 78205, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CPS Energy, San Antonio, TX 78205, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087331186"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8144,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80338775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"12","first_page":"2016","last_page":"2016"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10905","display_name":"Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-cover","display_name":"Cloud cover","score":0.7208620309829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7067702412605286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irradiance","display_name":"Irradiance","score":0.6982560753822327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-irradiance","display_name":"Solar irradiance","score":0.6975680589675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.5872828364372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5494231581687927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-height","display_name":"Cloud height","score":0.5022213459014893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.4863884747028351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geostationary-operational-environmental-satellite","display_name":"Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite","score":0.48192691802978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geostationary-orbit","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","score":0.44812577962875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cirrus","display_name":"Cirrus","score":0.43852734565734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4312155246734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.39639008045196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.3074701428413391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23130649328231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.175014466047287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10170754790306091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.07286801934242249}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206887242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830457","display_name":"Cloud cover","level":3,"score":0.7208620309829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7067702412605286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46423501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830654","display_name":"Irradiance","level":2,"score":0.6982560753822327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9695528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556707","display_name":"Solar irradiance","level":2,"score":0.6975680589675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.5872828364372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5494231581687927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142773270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810412","display_name":"Cloud height","level":4,"score":0.5022213459014893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.4863884747028351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104110773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976688","display_name":"Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite","level":3,"score":0.48192691802978516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16405173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192316","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","level":3,"score":0.44812577962875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781448682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093125","display_name":"Cirrus","level":2,"score":0.43852734565734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4312155246734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.39639008045196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3074701428413391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23130649328231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.175014466047287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10170754790306091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.07286801934242249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10122016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2016/pdf?version=1544607879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:18f0f5322a9b4d0286831712924ebcb9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/18f0f5322a9b4d0286831712924ebcb9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 12, p 2016 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/12/2016/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10122016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 12; Pages: 2016","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10122016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2016/pdf?version=1544607879","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310677","display_name":"University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2905082511.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2905082511.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1960943658","https://openalex.org/W1970463904","https://openalex.org/W1976265391","https://openalex.org/W1977427873","https://openalex.org/W1982899637","https://openalex.org/W1994688525","https://openalex.org/W1997793335","https://openalex.org/W2016345947","https://openalex.org/W2025067880","https://openalex.org/W2028612364","https://openalex.org/W2032472258","https://openalex.org/W2033981709","https://openalex.org/W2037888123","https://openalex.org/W2055217967","https://openalex.org/W2060420143","https://openalex.org/W2082684467","https://openalex.org/W2085723914","https://openalex.org/W2090457460","https://openalex.org/W2092317443","https://openalex.org/W2100471620","https://openalex.org/W2103275617","https://openalex.org/W2117269866","https://openalex.org/W2127044953","https://openalex.org/W2138263244","https://openalex.org/W2166193118","https://openalex.org/W2172515277","https://openalex.org/W2176546208","https://openalex.org/W2189234234","https://openalex.org/W2235388637","https://openalex.org/W2235946733","https://openalex.org/W2261545788","https://openalex.org/W2282860922","https://openalex.org/W2302551425","https://openalex.org/W2319504665","https://openalex.org/W2570573184","https://openalex.org/W2576922633","https://openalex.org/W2587328645","https://openalex.org/W2606878414","https://openalex.org/W2612096359","https://openalex.org/W2740230585","https://openalex.org/W2769292255","https://openalex.org/W2771938218","https://openalex.org/W2791306152","https://openalex.org/W2795878130","https://openalex.org/W2810209617","https://openalex.org/W6752912578"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W72871768","https://openalex.org/W2004883706","https://openalex.org/W2174007544","https://openalex.org/W2774780440","https://openalex.org/W2177023334","https://openalex.org/W2979720229","https://openalex.org/W3105609730","https://openalex.org/W2392459829","https://openalex.org/W2987961374","https://openalex.org/W1691333634"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,8,68,142,147,220],"main":[2],"attenuation":[3,23,85,117,138,182],"of":[4,61,81,180,228],"solar":[5,84,105,181,216],"irradiance":[6,22,49],"reaching":[7],"earth\u2019s":[9],"surface":[10],"is":[11,44,94,98,108,115,183],"due":[12],"to":[13,185,194],"clouds,":[14],"it":[15,168],"has":[16],"been":[17],"hypothesized":[18],"that":[19,40,110],"global":[20,47],"horizontal":[21,48],"and":[24,58,64,75,104,131,158,164,167,193,200,204],"its":[25],"temporal":[26,178,190],"variability":[27,86,179],"at":[28,39,51,173],"a":[29,90,211],"given":[30],"location":[31],"could":[32],"be":[33,195],"characterized":[34],"simply":[35],"by":[36],"cloud":[37,62,65,102,135],"properties":[38],"location.":[41],"This":[42,208],"hypothesis":[43],"tested":[45],"using":[46,225],"measurements":[50],"two":[52],"stations":[53],"in":[54,219],"San":[55,221],"Antonio,":[56],"Texas,":[57],"satellite":[59],"estimates":[60,227],"types":[63],"layers":[66,144],"from":[67,230],"Geostationary":[69],"Operational":[70],"Environmental":[71],"Satellite":[72],"(GOES)":[73],"Surface":[74],"Insolation":[76],"Product.":[77],"A":[78],"modified":[79],"version":[80],"an":[82,188],"existing":[83],"index,":[87],"albeit":[88],"having":[89],"better":[91],"physical":[92],"foundation,":[93],"used.":[95],"The":[96,177],"analysis":[97],"conducted":[99],"for":[100,141,146,155,161,197,202],"different":[101],"conditions":[103],"elevations.":[106],"It":[107],"found":[109,140,184],"under":[111,118,123],"cloudy-sky":[112],"conditions,":[113],"there":[114],"less":[116,137,159],"water":[119,156,198],"clouds":[120,126,157,166,199],"than":[121,145],"those":[122],"opaque":[124],"ice":[125,129],"(optically":[127],"thick":[128],"clouds)":[130],"multilayered":[132,203],"clouds.":[133],"For":[134],"layers,":[136],"was":[139],"low/mid":[143],"high":[148],"layer.":[149],"Cloud":[150],"enhancement":[151],"occurs":[152,169],"more":[153],"frequently":[154,160],"mixed":[162],"phase":[163],"cirrus":[165],"with":[170,187],"similar":[171],"frequency":[172],"all":[174],"three":[175],"levels.":[176],"decrease":[186],"increasing":[189],"sampling":[191],"interval":[192],"largest":[196],"smallest":[201],"partly":[205],"cloudy":[206],"conditions.":[207],"work":[209],"presents":[210],"first":[212],"step":[213],"towards":[214],"estimating":[215],"energy":[217],"potential":[218],"Antonio":[222],"area":[223],"indirectly":[224],"available":[226],"cloudiness":[229],"GOES":[231],"satellites.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}