{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2903679996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122007","title":"Intra-Season Crop Height Variability at Commercial Farm Scales Using a Fixed-Wing UAV","display_name":"Intra-Season Crop Height Variability at Commercial Farm Scales Using a Fixed-Wing UAV","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2903679996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122007","mag":"2903679996"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10122007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2007/pdf?version=1544513070","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2007/pdf?version=1544513070","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009556591","display_name":"Matteo G. Ziliani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9119-524X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matteo G. Ziliani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059369570","display_name":"Stephen Parkes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4379-2058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen D. Parkes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089073067","display_name":"Ibrahim Hoteit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3751-4393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Hoteit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075555774","display_name":"Matthew F. McCabe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1279-5272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew F. McCabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009556591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.8316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95411316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"12","first_page":"2007","last_page":"2007"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6943028569221497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6331579685211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-sample-distance","display_name":"Ground sample distance","score":0.5837398767471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5184049606323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growing-season","display_name":"Growing season","score":0.4690309762954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.44995030760765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4166397154331207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.374686598777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2617068588733673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1605762243270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.14044800400733948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.12235933542251587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6943028569221497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6331579685211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197513456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610972","display_name":"Ground sample distance","level":3,"score":0.5837398767471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5184049606323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137660486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732240","display_name":"Growing season","level":2,"score":0.4690309762954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.44995030760765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4166397154331207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.374686598777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2617068588733673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1605762243270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.14044800400733948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.12235933542251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10122007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2007/pdf?version=1544513070","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dff6d339f195416fbbf1b6e63ef79a5e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dff6d339f195416fbbf1b6e63ef79a5e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 12, p 2007 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/12/2007/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10122007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 12; Pages: 2007","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/630278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/630278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10122007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122007","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2007/pdf?version=1544513070","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2903679996.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2903679996.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559528524","https://openalex.org/W1569789209","https://openalex.org/W1591032703","https://openalex.org/W1928585742","https://openalex.org/W1970325907","https://openalex.org/W1973514305","https://openalex.org/W1982546148","https://openalex.org/W1983818779","https://openalex.org/W1987267031","https://openalex.org/W1991739869","https://openalex.org/W2000868508","https://openalex.org/W2003105677","https://openalex.org/W2009594903","https://openalex.org/W2011270889","https://openalex.org/W2011325105","https://openalex.org/W2019400639","https://openalex.org/W2022591200","https://openalex.org/W2025578137","https://openalex.org/W2032707889","https://openalex.org/W2049280900","https://openalex.org/W2049492608","https://openalex.org/W2054764254","https://openalex.org/W2055186043","https://openalex.org/W2064636932","https://openalex.org/W2067877300","https://openalex.org/W2067939438","https://openalex.org/W2069747286","https://openalex.org/W2074464158","https://openalex.org/W2074821737","https://openalex.org/W2080091930","https://openalex.org/W2087991080","https://openalex.org/W2089212648","https://openalex.org/W2090427691","https://openalex.org/W2114094841","https://openalex.org/W2125935279","https://openalex.org/W2129587786","https://openalex.org/W2133125644","https://openalex.org/W2136166384","https://openalex.org/W2141539745","https://openalex.org/W2145022807","https://openalex.org/W2145243492","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2151156435","https://openalex.org/W2153417899","https://openalex.org/W2153958436","https://openalex.org/W2161789352","https://openalex.org/W2162842531","https://openalex.org/W2167781624","https://openalex.org/W2170340597","https://openalex.org/W2183609316","https://openalex.org/W2228868988","https://openalex.org/W2328015724","https://openalex.org/W2328968155","https://openalex.org/W2342626385","https://openalex.org/W2400716253","https://openalex.org/W2421083931","https://openalex.org/W2469630252","https://openalex.org/W2479938810","https://openalex.org/W2513851811","https://openalex.org/W2525742695","https://openalex.org/W2535625773","https://openalex.org/W2537810741","https://openalex.org/W2565531507","https://openalex.org/W2582348499","https://openalex.org/W2585236832","https://openalex.org/W2587446396","https://openalex.org/W2589237375","https://openalex.org/W2594015159","https://openalex.org/W2596332351","https://openalex.org/W2600500039","https://openalex.org/W2610465631","https://openalex.org/W2615516218","https://openalex.org/W2671704260","https://openalex.org/W2742612991","https://openalex.org/W2746689949","https://openalex.org/W2755871013","https://openalex.org/W2768558813","https://openalex.org/W2782264647","https://openalex.org/W2793263498","https://openalex.org/W2803704160","https://openalex.org/W2805837072","https://openalex.org/W2980934180","https://openalex.org/W3125113274","https://openalex.org/W4213147678","https://openalex.org/W6633279799","https://openalex.org/W6666487912","https://openalex.org/W6675046183","https://openalex.org/W6679594126","https://openalex.org/W6680543758","https://openalex.org/W6717580204","https://openalex.org/W6744100557","https://openalex.org/W6939590519","https://openalex.org/W7061651310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monitoring":[0],"the":[1,41,45,54,91,116,132,136,169,203,255,263,267],"development":[2],"of":[3,12,47,53,68,82,113,118,134,205,215,259,275],"vegetation":[4],"height":[5,24,83],"through":[6,40,266],"time":[7,27,89],"provides":[8,238],"a":[9,58,111,119,228,234,239,272],"key":[10],"indicator":[11],"crop":[13,23,37,149,260],"health":[14],"and":[15,31,146,161,210,244,270],"overall":[16],"condition.":[17],"Traditional":[18],"manual":[19],"approaches":[20],"for":[21,33,44,60,131,168],"monitoring":[22,81],"are":[25],"generally":[26],"consuming,":[28],"labor":[29],"intensive":[30],"impractical":[32],"large-scale":[34],"operations.":[35],"Dynamic":[36],"heights":[38,160,261],"collected":[39,109],"season":[42,69,269],"allow":[43],"identification":[46],"within-field":[48],"problems":[49],"at":[50,87],"critical":[51],"stages":[52],"growth":[55,92],"cycle,":[56],"providing":[57],"mechanism":[59],"remedial":[61],"action":[62],"to":[63,141,252,279],"be":[64],"taken":[65],"against":[66,128,164],"end":[67],"yield":[70],"losses.":[71],"With":[72],"advances":[73],"in":[74,284],"unmanned":[75],"aerial":[76],"vehicle":[77],"(UAV)":[78],"technologies,":[79],"routine":[80],"is":[84],"now":[85],"feasible":[86],"any":[88],"throughout":[90],"cycle.":[93],"To":[94,201],"demonstrate":[95],"this":[96],"capability,":[97],"five":[98],"digital":[99],"surface":[100,144,172],"maps":[101],"(DSM)":[102],"were":[103,126,250],"reconstructed":[104],"from":[105],"high-resolution":[106],"RGB":[107],"imagery":[108],"over":[110],"field":[112,265],"maize":[114,264],"during":[115],"course":[117],"single":[120],"growing":[121,268],"season.":[122],"The":[123],"UAV":[124,248],"retrievals":[125,249],"compared":[127],"LiDAR":[129,165],"scans":[130],"purpose":[133],"evaluating":[135],"derived":[137,159],"point":[138],"clouds":[139],"capacity":[140],"capture":[142],"ground":[143,217],"variability":[145,258],"spatially":[147],"variable":[148],"height.":[150],"A":[151],"strong":[152],"correlation":[153],"was":[154,185,221],"observed":[155,256],"between":[156,188,241],"structure-from-motion":[157],"(SfM)":[158],"pixel-to-pixel":[162],"comparison":[163],"scan":[166],"data":[167],"intra-season":[170],"bare-ground":[171],"(R2":[173,191],"=":[174,179,192,197],"0.77":[175],"\u2212":[176,181,194,199],"0.99,":[177],"rRMSE":[178,196],"0.44%":[180],"0.85%),":[182],"while":[183],"there":[184],"reasonable":[186],"agreement":[187],"canopy":[189],"comparisons":[190],"0.57":[193],"0.65,":[195],"37%":[198],"50%).":[200],"examine":[202],"effect":[204],"resolution":[206,231],"on":[207],"retrieval":[208,232],"accuracy":[209],"processing":[211],"time,":[212],"an":[213,285],"evaluation":[214],"several":[216],"sampling":[218],"distances":[219],"(GSD)":[220],"also":[222],"performed.":[223],"Our":[224],"results":[225],"indicate":[226],"that":[227,237],"10":[229],"cm":[230],"delivers":[233],"reliable":[235],"product":[236],"compromise":[240],"computational":[242],"cost":[243],"spatial":[245,257],"fidelity.":[246],"Overall,":[247],"able":[251],"accurately":[253],"reproduce":[254],"within":[262],"provide":[271],"valuable":[273],"source":[274],"information":[276],"with":[277],"which":[278],"inform":[280],"precision":[281],"agricultural":[282],"management":[283],"operational":[286],"context.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
