{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899568884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121949","title":"From LiDAR Waveforms to Hyper Point Clouds: A Novel Data Product to Characterize Vegetation Structure","display_name":"From LiDAR Waveforms to Hyper Point Clouds: A Novel Data Product to Characterize Vegetation Structure","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899568884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121949","mag":"2899568884"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10121949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121949","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/1949/pdf?version=1543920999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/1949/pdf?version=1543920999","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011279552","display_name":"Tan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9193-5113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173210334","display_name":"Newberry College","ror":"https://ror.org/0577pn814","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173210334"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colaberry Inc., 200 Portland St, Boston, MA 02114, USA","LiDAR Applications for the Study of Ecosystems with Remote Sensing (LASERS) Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77450, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colaberry Inc., 200 Portland St, Boston, MA 02114, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173210334"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LiDAR Applications for the Study of Ecosystems with Remote Sensing (LASERS) Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77450, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015263215","display_name":"Sorin Popescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8155-8801"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sorin Popescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["LiDAR Applications for the Study of Ecosystems with Remote Sensing (LASERS) Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77450, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LiDAR Applications for the Study of Ecosystems with Remote Sensing (LASERS) Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77450, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003462154","display_name":"Lonesome Malambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3700"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lonesome Malambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["LiDAR Applications for the Study of Ecosystems with Remote Sensing (LASERS) Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77450, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LiDAR Applications for the Study of Ecosystems with Remote Sensing (LASERS) Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77450, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016685265","display_name":"Kaiguang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5858-4967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiguang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032757132","display_name":"Keith Krause","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2683-5239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28670366","display_name":"National Ecological Observatory Network","ror":"https://ror.org/04j43p132","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311060795","https://openalex.org/I28670366"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith Krause","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Ecological Observatory Network, 1685 38th St., Suite 100, Boulder, CO 80301, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Ecological Observatory Network, 1685 38th St., Suite 100, Boulder, CO 80301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28670366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011279552"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173210334"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0434,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74830151,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"12","first_page":"1949","last_page":"1949"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.84791100025177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.6307128667831421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.5764029622077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5543248653411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.5337297320365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5125784277915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4783046841621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.42337024211883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4209001362323761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4178909957408905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3236936330795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22401103377342224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1843758225440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.18156898021697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17471453547477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12455129623413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08960616588592529}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.84791100025177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6307128667831421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.5764029622077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5543248653411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.5337297320365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5125784277915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4783046841621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.42337024211883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4209001362323761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4178909957408905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3236936330795288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22401103377342224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1843758225440979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.18156898021697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17471453547477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12455129623413086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08960616588592529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10121949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121949","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/1949/pdf?version=1543920999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:414ec1ecc66b475f8eb2e38db399c31f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/414ec1ecc66b475f8eb2e38db399c31f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 12, p 1949 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10121949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121949","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/1949/pdf?version=1543920999","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899568884.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899568884.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W897634805","https://openalex.org/W1964671924","https://openalex.org/W1975417404","https://openalex.org/W1980403882","https://openalex.org/W1990077509","https://openalex.org/W2018746476","https://openalex.org/W2030066785","https://openalex.org/W2032413422","https://openalex.org/W2032771339","https://openalex.org/W2053579473","https://openalex.org/W2053902032","https://openalex.org/W2065255726","https://openalex.org/W2078607270","https://openalex.org/W2080157231","https://openalex.org/W2106488983","https://openalex.org/W2107053554","https://openalex.org/W2127354426","https://openalex.org/W2128347131","https://openalex.org/W2131408147","https://openalex.org/W2131408559","https://openalex.org/W2136636747","https://openalex.org/W2137882837","https://openalex.org/W2138060511","https://openalex.org/W2158411533","https://openalex.org/W2186213511","https://openalex.org/W2252880844","https://openalex.org/W2353139366","https://openalex.org/W2397806614","https://openalex.org/W2548823545","https://openalex.org/W2613353824","https://openalex.org/W2744900877","https://openalex.org/W2757142005","https://openalex.org/W2778927303","https://openalex.org/W6679037635","https://openalex.org/W6712678851"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376","https://openalex.org/W4320725409","https://openalex.org/W2014835793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Full":[0],"waveform":[1,40],"(FW)":[2],"LiDAR":[3,57,90,104,295,305],"holds":[4],"great":[5],"potential":[6,62,227],"for":[7,101,109,203,215,228,254,290,307],"retrieving":[8],"vegetation":[9,116,149,309],"structure":[10,310],"parameters":[11],"at":[12,162,173],"a":[13,45,82,98,163,198,212],"high":[14,118],"level":[15,177],"of":[16,30,39,87,94,115,159,169,293,302],"detail,":[17],"but":[18],"this":[19,284],"prospect":[20],"is":[21,201],"constrained":[22],"by":[23],"practical":[24],"factors":[25],"such":[26,64,258,271],"as":[27,65,81,259,272],"the":[28,36,49,70,85,95,111,131,135,148,174,183,189,194,237,251,273,276,291,299],"lack":[29],"available":[31],"handy":[32],"processing":[33],"tools":[34],"and":[35,59,73,106,113,143,157,185,205,224,236,264,275,279,297],"technical":[37,300],"intricacy":[38],"processing.":[41],"This":[42],"study":[43,285],"introduces":[44],"new":[46,99,288],"product":[47],"named":[48],"Hyper":[50],"Point":[51],"Cloud":[52],"(HPC),":[53],"derived":[54],"from":[55,130,188],"FW":[56,89,103,294,304],"data,":[58],"explores":[60],"its":[61],"applications,":[63],"tree":[66,176,190,195,222,230,246,256,260,265],"crown":[67,191,262],"delineation":[68],"using":[69,88,216],"HPC-based":[71,217,233,238,277],"intensity":[72,141,145,155,170,208,218,234,278],"percentile":[74],"height":[75,280],"(PH)":[76],"surfaces,":[77],"which":[78],"shows":[79,133],"promise":[80],"solution":[83],"to":[84,193,220,250],"constraints":[86],"data.":[91],"The":[92,123,232],"results":[93,248],"HPC":[96,132,274],"present":[97],"direction":[100],"handling":[102],"data":[105,296,306],"offer":[107],"prospects":[108],"studying":[110],"mid-story":[112],"understory":[114],"with":[117],"point":[119],"density":[120],"(~182":[121],"points/m2).":[122],"intensity-derived":[124],"digital":[125],"surface":[126],"model":[127],"(DSM)":[128],"generated":[129],"that":[134,182,269],"ground":[136],"region":[137],"has":[138],"higher":[139],"maximum":[140],"(MAXI)":[142],"mean":[144],"(MI)":[146],"than":[147],"region,":[150],"while":[151,197],"having":[152],"lower":[153],"total":[154],"(TI)":[156],"number":[158],"intensities":[160],"(NI)":[161],"given":[164],"grid":[165],"cell.":[166],"Our":[167],"analysis":[168],"distribution":[171],"contours":[172,210],"individual":[175],"exhibit":[178],"similar":[179],"patterns,":[180],"indicating":[181],"MAXI":[184],"MI":[186],"decrease":[187],"center":[192],"boundary,":[196],"rising":[199],"trend":[200],"observed":[202],"TI":[204],"NI.":[206],"These":[207],"variable":[209],"provide":[211],"theoretical":[213],"justification":[214],"surfaces":[219,235,281],"segment":[221],"crowns":[223],"exploit":[225],"their":[226],"extracting":[229],"attributes.":[231],"PH":[239],"Canopy":[240],"Height":[241],"Models":[242],"(CHM)":[243],"demonstrate":[244],"promising":[245],"segmentation":[247],"comparable":[249],"LiDAR-derived":[252],"CHM":[253],"estimating":[255],"attributes":[257],"locations,":[261],"widths":[263],"heights.":[266],"We":[267],"envision":[268],"products":[270],"introduced":[282],"in":[283],"can":[286],"open":[287],"perspectives":[289],"use":[292],"alleviate":[298],"barrier":[301],"exploring":[303],"detailed":[308],"characterization.":[311]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
