{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2902394412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121918","title":"The Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems to Map Intertidal Sediment","display_name":"The Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems to Map Intertidal Sediment","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2902394412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121918","mag":"2902394412"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10121918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121918","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/1918/pdf?version=1543559048","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/1918/pdf?version=1543559048","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029957740","display_name":"Iain Fairley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8562-7352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iain Fairley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076127375","display_name":"Anouska Mendzil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3680-9958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anouska Mendzil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053622989","display_name":"Michael Togneri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6820-1680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Togneri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057305583","display_name":"Dominic E. Reeve","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1293-4743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic E. Reeve","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029957740"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":757,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":816},"fwci":0.8052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71965699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"12","first_page":"1918","last_page":"1918"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.954800009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.954200029373169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.8707918524742126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sediment","display_name":"Sediment","score":0.5866565108299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.586104154586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5789415836334229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hue","display_name":"Hue","score":0.5682920217514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intertidal-zone","display_name":"Intertidal zone","score":0.540931224822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4702928066253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31875869631767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2971344292163849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23255598545074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.0822199285030365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.0770564079284668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.8707918524742126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2816523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180184","display_name":"Sediment","level":2,"score":0.5866565108299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.586104154586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5789415836334229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126537357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372948","display_name":"Hue","level":2,"score":0.5682920217514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174580923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421069","display_name":"Intertidal zone","level":2,"score":0.540931224822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4702928066253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31875869631767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2971344292163849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23255598545074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0822199285030365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0770564079284668}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10121918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121918","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/1918/pdf?version=1543559048","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cronfa.swan.ac.uk:cronfa47910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa47910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401612","display_name":"Cronfa (Swansea University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","host_organization_name":"Swansea University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6c016c19bbc44221a83c00a577689a23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6c016c19bbc44221a83c00a577689a23","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 12, p 1918 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/12/1918/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 10; Issue 12; Pages: 1918","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10121918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121918","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/1918/pdf?version=1543559048","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1196519070","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/R014485/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5490340376","display_name":"Discrimination of Sediment Type using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (DST-UAV)","funder_award_id":"NE/R014485/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","funder_display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8224386909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE/R014485/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","funder_display_name":"Sight Research UK"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8771719229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRN-LCEE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320086","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Funding Council for Wales"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311112","display_name":"Natural Resources Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/04x65hs26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318746","display_name":"Natural England","ror":"https://ror.org/00r66pz14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320022","display_name":"Sight Research UK","ror":"https://ror.org/03z2py885"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320086","display_name":"Higher Education Funding Council for Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/056y81r79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334631","display_name":"Natural Environment Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02b5d8509"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2902394412.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2902394412.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W21877","https://openalex.org/W1535241066","https://openalex.org/W1963501491","https://openalex.org/W1965963269","https://openalex.org/W1969299610","https://openalex.org/W1979198083","https://openalex.org/W1997142772","https://openalex.org/W2003548599","https://openalex.org/W2007367588","https://openalex.org/W2008043556","https://openalex.org/W2017254545","https://openalex.org/W2018843325","https://openalex.org/W2024212834","https://openalex.org/W2028501442","https://openalex.org/W2033819227","https://openalex.org/W2051812123","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2083992530","https://openalex.org/W2086557208","https://openalex.org/W2088425938","https://openalex.org/W2088703766","https://openalex.org/W2093318121","https://openalex.org/W2095727760","https://openalex.org/W2102941100","https://openalex.org/W2113550272","https://openalex.org/W2130545491","https://openalex.org/W2134514757","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2152575748","https://openalex.org/W2173830158","https://openalex.org/W2251698740","https://openalex.org/W2471181907","https://openalex.org/W2472246799","https://openalex.org/W2520099878","https://openalex.org/W2587822177","https://openalex.org/W2600036899","https://openalex.org/W2614217707","https://openalex.org/W2766688497","https://openalex.org/W2769908721","https://openalex.org/W2790946355","https://openalex.org/W2793859250","https://openalex.org/W2803647639","https://openalex.org/W2889454130","https://openalex.org/W2897625716","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W4233580028","https://openalex.org/W4233973896","https://openalex.org/W4409036417"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580699584","https://openalex.org/W4252650332","https://openalex.org/W3094657558","https://openalex.org/W2792279927","https://openalex.org/W4403391793","https://openalex.org/W2078415748","https://openalex.org/W4385497869","https://openalex.org/W2805159267","https://openalex.org/W283587633","https://openalex.org/W4240358042"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3,11,68],"new":[4],"methodology":[5],"to":[6,121,158,197,207],"map":[7],"intertidal":[8,124],"sediment":[9,42,61],"using":[10],"commercially":[12],"available":[13,150],"unmanned":[14],"aerial":[15],"system":[16],"(UAS).":[17],"A":[18],"fixed-wing":[19],"UAS":[20],"was":[21,110,175,181],"flown":[22],"with":[23,112,144,183,199],"both":[24,96],"thermal":[25],"and":[26,36,51,72,82,95,99,128,135,186,213],"multispectral":[27,55,64,74,93],"cameras":[28],"over":[29],"three":[30],"study":[31],"sites":[32],"comprising":[33],"of":[34,41,67,148,201],"sandy":[35],"muddy":[37],"areas.":[38],"Thermal":[39],"signatures":[40],"type":[43],"were":[44,57,89,119,142],"not":[45],"observable":[46],"in":[47,59],"the":[48,54,60,77,92,113,123,136,149,155,159,168,173],"recorded":[49],"data":[50,151],"therefore":[52],"only":[53],"results":[56],"used":[58],"classification.":[62],"The":[63,103,163],"camera":[65,71],"consisted":[66],"Red\u2013Green\u2013Blue":[69],"(RGB)":[70],"four":[73],"sensors":[75],"covering":[76],"green,":[78],"red,":[79],"red":[80],"edge":[81],"near-infrared":[83,114,184],"bands.":[84],"Statistically":[85],"significant":[86],"correlations":[87],"(>99%)":[88],"noted":[90],"between":[91],"reflectance":[94,185],"moisture":[97],"content":[98],"median":[100,107],"grain":[101,108],"size.":[102],"best":[104,169],"correlation":[105],"against":[106],"size":[109],"found":[111],"band.":[115],"Three":[116],"classification":[117,164],"methodologies":[118,141],"tested":[120,143],"split":[122],"area":[125],"into":[126],"sand":[127],"mud:":[129],"k-means":[130],"clustering,":[131],"artificial":[132,178],"neural":[133,179],"networks,":[134],"random":[137],"forest":[138],"approach.":[139],"Classification":[140,192],"nine":[145],"input":[146,190],"subsets":[147],"channels,":[152],"including":[153],"transforming":[154],"RGB":[156],"colorspace":[157],"Hue\u2013Saturation\u2013Value":[160],"(HSV)":[161],"colorspace.":[162],"approach":[165],"that":[166],"gave":[167],"performance,":[170],"based":[171],"on":[172,210],"j-index,":[174],"when":[176],"an":[177],"network":[180],"utilized":[182],"HSV":[187],"color":[188],"as":[189],"data.":[191],"performance":[193],"ranged":[194],"from":[195,205],"good":[196],"excellent,":[198],"values":[200],"Youden\u2019s":[202],"j-index":[203],"ranging":[204],"0.6":[206],"0.97":[208],"depending":[209],"flight":[211],"date":[212],"site.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}