{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2900629394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111824","title":"Modified Superpixel Segmentation for Digital Surface Model Refinement and Building Extraction from Satellite Stereo Imagery","display_name":"Modified Superpixel Segmentation for Digital Surface Model Refinement and Building Extraction from Satellite Stereo Imagery","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2900629394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111824","mag":"2900629394"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10111824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111824","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1824/pdf?version=1542610387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1824/pdf?version=1542610387","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058033953","display_name":"Zeinab Gharibbafghi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zeinab Gharibbafghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083368958","display_name":"Jiaojiao Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8407-5098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaojiao Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052386553","display_name":"Peter Reinartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8122-1475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Reinartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058033953"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":1341,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1446},"fwci":2.0857,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89540131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"11","first_page":"1824","last_page":"1824"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7728018760681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.709696888923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6176310777664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5485433340072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.47485828399658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.4659484624862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.46077436208724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45307350158691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4511300325393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.413776695728302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3175862431526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1577863097190857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7728018760681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.709696888923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6176310777664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5485433340072632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.47485828399658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4659484624862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.46077436208724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45307350158691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4511300325393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.413776695728302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3175862431526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1577863097190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10111824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111824","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1824/pdf?version=1542610387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:123352","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111824>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:be5af04c89c54accbf0db91aa04a8562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/be5af04c89c54accbf0db91aa04a8562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 11, p 1824 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/11/1824/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10111824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111824","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1824/pdf?version=1542610387","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7585358098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"57144088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","funder_display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320875","display_name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","ror":"https://ror.org/039djdh30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2900629394.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2900629394.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47420601","https://openalex.org/W54114801","https://openalex.org/W1508404128","https://openalex.org/W1548953334","https://openalex.org/W1808966389","https://openalex.org/W1972544340","https://openalex.org/W1979393293","https://openalex.org/W1994938019","https://openalex.org/W1999478155","https://openalex.org/W2006327073","https://openalex.org/W2026665610","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2060223645","https://openalex.org/W2064286937","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2097323414","https://openalex.org/W2108424265","https://openalex.org/W2117248802","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2119300483","https://openalex.org/W2119531662","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2125637308","https://openalex.org/W2132116135","https://openalex.org/W2139478903","https://openalex.org/W2140492705","https://openalex.org/W2148868685","https://openalex.org/W2155343350","https://openalex.org/W2293105860","https://openalex.org/W2335798593","https://openalex.org/W2346678256","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2438939487","https://openalex.org/W2471216681","https://openalex.org/W2471522397","https://openalex.org/W2523500206","https://openalex.org/W2542246435","https://openalex.org/W2559324447","https://openalex.org/W2573546209","https://openalex.org/W2586793539","https://openalex.org/W2592849532","https://openalex.org/W2620618201","https://openalex.org/W2626902430","https://openalex.org/W2650011260","https://openalex.org/W2883466786","https://openalex.org/W2888889084","https://openalex.org/W2888927525","https://openalex.org/W6601956580","https://openalex.org/W6639933592","https://openalex.org/W6703238135","https://openalex.org/W6753035760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2893218741","https://openalex.org/W4392589133","https://openalex.org/W2558319350","https://openalex.org/W1492594177","https://openalex.org/W1842742976","https://openalex.org/W2803235238","https://openalex.org/W3112085556","https://openalex.org/W399661440","https://openalex.org/W4392585872","https://openalex.org/W410356389"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Superpixels,":[0],"as":[1,50,160],"a":[2,47,51,80,139,164,192,205],"state-of-the-art":[3],"segmentation":[4,167],"paradigm,":[5],"have":[6,197],"recently":[7],"been":[8],"widely":[9],"used":[10,127,159],"in":[11,38,154],"computer":[12],"vision":[13],"and":[14,28,120,136,188,212,231],"pattern":[15],"recognition.":[16],"Despite":[17],"the":[18,74,91,97,106,116,131,146,151,155,161,169,174,177,189,213,220,228,232,245],"effectiveness":[19],"of":[20,55,77,163,168],"these":[21,180],"algorithms,":[22],"there":[23],"are":[24,125,186,210,224],"still":[25],"many":[26],"limitations":[27],"challenges":[29],"dealing":[30],"with":[31,67,96,183,219,244],"Very":[32],"High-Resolution":[33],"(VHR)":[34],"satellite":[35,69,93],"images":[36],"especially":[37],"complex":[39],"urban":[40,237],"scenes.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"we":[45],"develop":[46],"superpixel":[48,166],"algorithm":[49,223],"modified":[52,75,107],"edge-based":[53],"version":[54],"Simple":[56],"Linear":[57],"Iterative":[58],"Clustering":[59],"(SLIC),":[60],"which":[61,149],"is":[62,87,112,143,191],"here":[63],"called":[64],"ESLIC,":[65],"compatible":[66],"VHR":[68],"images.":[70],"Then,":[71],"based":[72,89],"on":[73,90,201],"properties":[76],"generated":[78,218,243],"superpixels,":[79,108],"heuristic":[81],"multi-scale":[82,165],"approach":[83],"for":[84],"building":[85,118,141,181,194,202,229,234],"extraction":[86],"proposed,":[88],"stereo":[92],"imagery":[94],"along":[95],"corresponding":[98],"Digital":[99],"Surface":[100],"Model":[101],"(DSM).":[102],"First,":[103],"to":[104,114,128,157,172,227],"generate":[105],"an":[109],"edge-preserving":[110],"term":[111],"applied":[113],"retain":[115],"main":[117],"boundaries":[119],"edges.":[121],"The":[122,208],"resulting":[123,233],"superpixels":[124,175,182,217],"then":[126],"initially":[129],"refine":[130],"stereo-extracted":[132],"DSM.":[133],"After":[134],"shadow":[135],"vegetation":[137],"removal,":[138],"rough":[140],"mask":[142,235],"obtained":[144],"from":[145,204],"normalized":[147],"DSM,":[148],"highlights":[150],"appropriate":[152],"regions":[153],"image,":[156],"be":[158],"input":[162],"proper":[170],"areas":[171],"determine":[173],"inside":[176],"building.":[178],"Finally,":[179],"different":[184],"scales":[185],"integrated":[187],"output":[190],"unified":[193],"mask.":[195],"We":[196],"tested":[198],"our":[199],"methods":[200],"samples":[203],"WorldView-2":[206],"dataset.":[207],"results":[209],"promising,":[211],"experiments":[214],"show":[215],"that":[216],"proposed":[221],"ESLIC":[222],"more":[225],"adherent":[226],"boundaries,":[230],"retains":[236],"object":[238],"shape":[239],"better":[240],"than":[241],"those":[242],"original":[246],"SLIC":[247],"algorithm.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}