{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901073194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111807","title":"Long-Term Ground-Based Measurements of Aerosol Optical Depth over Kuwait City","display_name":"Long-Term Ground-Based Measurements of Aerosol Optical Depth over Kuwait City","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901073194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111807","mag":"2901073194"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10111807","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111807","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1807/pdf?version=1542271929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1807/pdf?version=1542271929","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019618021","display_name":"Panagiotis Kokkalis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5231-5491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Kokkalis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109042205","display_name":"H. K. Al Jassar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hala K. Al Jassar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044293633","display_name":"Stavros Solomos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-3334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118731","display_name":"National Observatory of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03dtebk39","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118731"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stavros Solomos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Application and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Application and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025157860","display_name":"Ioannis\u2010Panagiotis Raptis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4221-992X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118731","display_name":"National Observatory of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03dtebk39","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118731"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis-Ioannis Raptis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009522758","display_name":"Hamad Al Hendi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamad Al Hendi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034530333","display_name":"Vassilis Amiridis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1544-7812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118731","display_name":"National Observatory of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03dtebk39","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118731"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vassilis Amiridis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Application and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Application and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011336254","display_name":"Alexandros Papayannis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5189-9381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros Papayannis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laser Remote Sensing Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Zografou, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laser Remote Sensing Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Zografou, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111454171","display_name":"Hussain Al Sarraf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75535952","display_name":"American University of Kuwait","ror":"https://ror.org/00w73cg32","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussain Al Sarraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat 13034, Kuwait"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat 13034, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051891715","display_name":"Marwan Dimashki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143601524","display_name":"Public Authority for Applied Education and Training","ror":"https://ror.org/024242h31","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143601524"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marwan Al Dimashki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environment Public Authority, P.O. Box 24395, Safat 13104, Kuwait"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environment Public Authority, P.O. Box 24395, Safat 13104, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143601524"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019618021"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.3316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87995865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"11","first_page":"1807","last_page":"1807"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11320","display_name":"Atmospheric Ozone and Climate","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6285641193389893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerosol","display_name":"Aerosol","score":0.5865440964698792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sun-photometer","display_name":"Sun photometer","score":0.5461131930351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dust-storm","display_name":"Dust storm","score":0.5060243010520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.4872695207595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/storm","display_name":"Storm","score":0.4853581488132477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.4780997931957245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sky","display_name":"Sky","score":0.4653860628604889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.4511033594608307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmosphere","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","score":0.43486344814300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.36360543966293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.27130693197250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.18952548503875732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14406991004943848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.06403976678848267}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6285641193389893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541","display_name":"Aerosol","level":2,"score":0.5865440964698792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778720773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038481","display_name":"Sun photometer","level":3,"score":0.5461131930351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781449660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182878","display_name":"Dust storm","level":3,"score":0.5060243010520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.4872695207595825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.4853581488132477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.4780997931957245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.4653860628604889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4511033594608307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.43486344814300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.36360543966293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27130693197250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.18952548503875732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14406991004943848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.06403976678848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10111807","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111807","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1807/pdf?version=1542271929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f839dba5dec64b9aaacc996b2158c188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f839dba5dec64b9aaacc996b2158c188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 10, Iss 11, p 1807 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/10/11/1807/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:4304409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/4304409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing 10(11)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs10111807","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111807","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/11/1807/pdf?version=1542271929","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330142","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901073194.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901073194.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484140231","https://openalex.org/W1485504984","https://openalex.org/W1522116547","https://openalex.org/W1913208132","https://openalex.org/W1921590579","https://openalex.org/W1969790011","https://openalex.org/W1980054906","https://openalex.org/W1990646419","https://openalex.org/W2006873792","https://openalex.org/W2012432534","https://openalex.org/W2012968254","https://openalex.org/W2015930523","https://openalex.org/W2026217400","https://openalex.org/W2026317156","https://openalex.org/W2040835727","https://openalex.org/W2046636055","https://openalex.org/W2048801813","https://openalex.org/W2050250373","https://openalex.org/W2065688560","https://openalex.org/W2066936255","https://openalex.org/W2089433206","https://openalex.org/W2090302741","https://openalex.org/W2092304217","https://openalex.org/W2098221938","https://openalex.org/W2102775548","https://openalex.org/W2107919789","https://openalex.org/W2113701146","https://openalex.org/W2119954582","https://openalex.org/W2121750125","https://openalex.org/W2143749160","https://openalex.org/W2145701291","https://openalex.org/W2146107698","https://openalex.org/W2152617499","https://openalex.org/W2160282144","https://openalex.org/W2166786685","https://openalex.org/W2168958549","https://openalex.org/W2171180612","https://openalex.org/W2234767231","https://openalex.org/W2411234785","https://openalex.org/W2567435622","https://openalex.org/W2600532926","https://openalex.org/W2613508392","https://openalex.org/W2737609272","https://openalex.org/W2747399443","https://openalex.org/W2750176266","https://openalex.org/W2751007034","https://openalex.org/W2759163218","https://openalex.org/W2776298657","https://openalex.org/W2802531655","https://openalex.org/W2808871222","https://openalex.org/W4256540022","https://openalex.org/W6884850091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2380968430","https://openalex.org/W2070568401","https://openalex.org/W2375601475","https://openalex.org/W2376691515","https://openalex.org/W4200386676","https://openalex.org/W3202110996","https://openalex.org/W2365901545","https://openalex.org/W2393046961","https://openalex.org/W2168597829","https://openalex.org/W2393606440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"analyze":[1],"ten":[2],"years":[3],"(2008\u20132017)":[4],"of":[5,8,17,55,87,95,117,121,129,139,151,171,201,207],"ground-based":[6],"observations":[7],"the":[9,15,46,53,112,118,126,133,149,155,169,184,187,199],"Aerosol":[10],"Optical":[11],"Depth":[12],"(AOD)":[13],"in":[14,20,123],"atmosphere":[16],"Kuwait":[18,81,196],"City,":[19],"Middle":[21],"East.":[22],"The":[23,35,63,91,160],"measurements":[24],"were":[25],"conducted":[26],"with":[27,82,125,205],"a":[28,83,100,179],"CIMEL":[29],"sun-sky":[30],"photometer,":[31],"at":[32,39],"various":[33,152],"wavelengths.":[34],"daily":[36],"average":[37],"AOD":[38],"500":[40],"nm":[41],"(AOD500)":[42],"is":[43,61],"0.45,":[44],"while":[45],"mean":[47,84,188],"\u00c5ngstr\u00f6m":[48],"coefficient":[49],"(AE),":[50],"calculated":[51],"from":[52,174,198],"pair":[54],"wavelengths":[56],"440":[57],"and":[58,74,97,102,115,203],"870":[59],"nm,":[60],"0.61.":[62],"observed":[64],"high":[65,161],"AOD500":[66,96],"values":[67],"(0.75\u20132.91),":[68],"are":[69,79,166],"due":[70],"to":[71,111,144,154,168,186],"regional":[72],"sand":[73],"dust":[75,192],"storm":[76],"events,":[77],"which":[78,107],"affecting":[80,194],"annual":[85,189],"frequency":[86],"almost":[88],"20":[89],"days/year.":[90],"long-term":[92],"record":[93],"analysis":[94],"AE,":[98],"shows":[99],"downward":[101],"upward":[103],"tendency":[104],"respectively,":[105],"something":[106],"could":[108],"be":[109],"attributed":[110,167],"continuous":[113],"expansion":[114],"industrialization":[116],"main":[119],"city":[120],"Kuwait,":[122],"combination":[124],"simultaneous":[127],"increase":[128],"soil":[130],"moisture":[131],"over":[132,158],"area.":[134],"By":[135],"utilizing":[136],"back":[137],"trajectories":[138],"air":[140],"masses":[141],"for":[142],"up":[143],"4":[145],"days,":[146],"we":[147],"assessed":[148],"influence":[150],"regions":[153,200],"aerosol":[156,162],"load":[157],"Kuwait.":[159],"loads":[163],"during":[164],"spring,":[165],"dominance":[170],"coarse":[172],"particles":[173],"Saudi":[175],"Arabia":[176],"(AOD500":[177],"0.56\u20130.74),":[178],"source":[180],"area":[181],"that":[182],"contributes":[183],"56%":[185],"AOD500.":[190],"Other":[191],"sources":[193],"significantly":[195],"originated":[197],"Iraq":[202],"Iran":[204],"contribution":[206],"21%.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
